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Alocasia regina

2009-08-15T13:24:06Z

BradiRoberts:

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
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}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia regina, N. E. Br. Lvs. thick, ovate-cordate, obtuse or cuspidate, the basal lobes short and nearly or quite obtuse, the ribs and veins beneath pubescent, somewhat fleshy, dark green above with darker veins and brown-purple beneath; petioles terete, pubescent spotted purple. Borneo. I.H. 32:544.—Several cult, varieties and hybrids are in the trade in this country: A. argyraea, Sander, lvs. large, dark green with a silvery sheen, hastate-lanceolate (G.W. 15:342); hybrid of longiloba x Pucciana; A. bataviensis, petiole dark purple, lf.-blade dark green; A. Chantrieri (raised by Chantrier Bros., Mortefontaine, France), hybrid of cuprea x Sanderiana, with long wavy lvs., purple below and prominently white-veined (I.H. 35:64. R.H. 1887, p. 465); A. Chelsonii, cuprea x longiloba, with lvs. purple below and green above; A. gigas, much like Villeneuvei; A. intermedia, hybrid by Veitch 25 years ago (G. 2:61. G.Vf. 15, p. 341. F. 1869, p. 80); A. La Salliana; A. Luciano, Thibautiana x Putzeysi, with lvs. dark green above and whitish veins and margins, purple beneath (I.H. 34:27); A. mortefontainensis, Lowii x Sanderiana; A. Pucciana, Putzeysi x Thibautiana; A. Sedenii, cuprea x Lowii, with ovate-peltate lvs. purple beneath and white-veined above (I.H. 24:292); A. Van Houttei. The following names are also in our trade: A. illustris=Colocasia antiquorum; A. Jenningsii=Colocasia affinis; A. Johnstonii = Cyrtosperma Johnstonii; A. Marshallii—Colocasia. Marchallii; A. violocea = Colocasia antiquorum(?)
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia regina

2009-08-12T08:41:32Z

BradiRoberts: Created page with '__NOTOC__{{Plantbox | name = ''LATINNAME''  | common_names =  | g…'

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia regina, N. E. Br. Lvs. thick, ovate-cordate, obtuse or cuspidate, the basal lobes short and nearly or quite obtuse, the ribs and veins beneath pubescent, somewhat fleshy, dark green above with darker veins and brown-purple beneath; petioles terete, pubescent spotted purple. Borneo. I.H. 32:544.—Several cult, varieties and hybrids are in the trade in this country: A. argyraea, Sander, lvs. large, dark green with a silvery sheen, hastate-lanceolate (G.W. 15:342); hybrid of longiloba x Pucciana; A. bataviensis, petiole dark purple, If .-blade dark green; A. Chantrieri (raised by Chantrier Bros., Mortefontaine, France), hybrid of cuprea x Sanderiana, with long wavy lvs., purple below and prominently white-veined (I.H. 35:64. R.H. 1887, p. 465); A. Chelsonii, cuprea x longiloba, with lvs. purple below and green above; A. gigas, much like Villeneuvei; A. intermedia, hybrid by Veitch 25 years ago (G. 2:61. G.Vf. 15, p. 341. F. 1869, p. 80); A. La Salliana; A. Luciano, Thibautiana x Putzeysi, with lvs. dark green above and whitish veins and margins, purple beneath (I.H. 34:27); A. mortefontainensis, Lowii x Sanderiana; A. Pucciana, Putzeysi x Thibautiana; A. Sedenii, cuprea x Lowii, with ovate-peltate lvs. purple beneath and white-veined above (I.H. 24:292); A. Van Houttei. The following names are also in our trade: A. illustris=Colocasia antiquorum; A. Jenningsii=Colocasia affinis; A. Johnstonii = Cyrtosperma Johnstonii; A. Marshallii—Colocasia. Marchallii; A. violocea = Colocasia antiquorum(?)
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia cuprea

2009-08-12T08:40:43Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
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| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia cuprea, Koch (A.metallica, Schott). Petioles 2 ft. or less long, green; blade ovate and peltate, 18 x 12 in., notched at the base and cuspidate at the point, dark metallic green with darker rib and veins, the under side rich purple. Borneo. B.M. 5190. I.H. 8:283. G. 19:413. F.S. 21:2208-9. Lowe, 60. Gn. 50:336.—One of the best, and common.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia macrorhiza

2009-08-12T08:40:10Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia macrorhiza, Schott. Large, reaching 10 or 15ft.: If.-blades 3 ft. long, long-sagittate and pointed, the lobes short and obtuse, margin often somewhat wavy, the midrib very broad and conspicuous, the blotches or patches of green and white (in the var. variegata, G.W. 15, p. 339. which is the common form) very striking. Ceylon. I.H. 8:305.—-One of the commonest species. Lvs. sometimes almost white.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia veitchii

2009-08-12T08:39:39Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
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}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia veitchii, Schott. Resembles A. Lowii, Hook., in shape and ground-color, but the midrib and primary veins are bordered with gray-green, the secondary veins whitish and the petiole green-striped. Java. B.M. 5497 (as A. Lowii var. picta).
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia thibautiana

2009-08-12T08:39:08Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia thibautiana, Mast. Petioles 3 ft., greenish; blade 2 ft. long and 18-20 in. broad, ovate-cordate, the basal lobes broad and rounded, olive-green, with broad silver veins and rib, the under surface deep purple. Borneo. G.C. III. 17:485. I.H. 28:419. G.Z. 25, p. 265.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia putzeysii

2009-08-12T08:38:36Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia putzeysii, N. E. Br. Much like A. longiloba: lvs. broader (oval-sagittate), dark metallic green, prominently veined and bordered white, the petioles pale red-purple, under surface dark purple. Sumatra. I.H 29:439. G.C. II. 19:501— More brilliant than A. longiloba, and has wider spaces between the veins.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia longiloba

2009-08-12T08:38:04Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
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| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia lowii, Hook. Petioles 2-3 ft., rose-color; blade narrow-ovate, 18 in. long and a third as wide, long-pointed, the basal lobes long-acute, upper surface olive-green, with very distinct silvery bands, under surface rich purple. Borneo. H.F. III. 9: pl. 6. F.S. 21:2204. B.M. 5376. A.F. 11:559 (as var. grandis).
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia lindenii

2009-08-12T08:36:58Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
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| genus =
| species =
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| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia lindenii, Rod. Lvs. cordate-ovate, long-pointed, 8-12 in. long, bright green, with yellowish veins curving off from the midrib and vanishing near the margin; petioles nearly white. New Guinea. I.H. 33:603.— Bruised lvs. emit a strong odor.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia villeneuvei

2009-08-12T08:36:12Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
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| genus =
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| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia villeneuvei, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. sagittate-ovate, the veins of lighter green and prominent, basal lobes very unequal; petioles spotted with chocolate-brown. Large. Borneo. I.H. 34:21.—Named forde Villeneuve, Brazilian ambassador to Belgium.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia zebrina

2009-08-12T08:35:34Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia zebrina, Koch & Veitch. Lvs. triangular-sagittate, the margin somewhat repand, the front lobe oblong- triangular, cuspidate, the basal lobes obtuse; petioles beautifully marked with large zigzag bands of green. Philippines. F.S. 15:1541-2.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia sanderiana

2009-08-12T08:34:59Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
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| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia sanderiana, Bull. Lvs. long-sagittate, with deeply notched margin, the basal lobes wide-spreading, deep glossy green with metallic reflection, with prominent white margins and veins; petioles brownish and striped. Philippines. Gng. 6:84. G.Z. 28, p. 267. J.H. III. 45:173.—One of the best of recent introductions. Runs into various forms, and has entered largely into cult. hybrids.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia princeps

2009-08-12T08:34:31Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alocasia princeps, Nichols. Lvs. sagittate, the basal lobes narrow and spreading, the margins deep-sinuate; upper surface olive-green, with darker veins, the under lighter colored, with brown veins and margin; petioles brown-spotted, slender. E. Indies.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alocasia

2009-08-12T08:34:00Z

BradiRoberts:

{{Inc|
Alocasia (name made from Colocasia). Araceae. Warmhouse foliage plants, with green, veined and mottled, large hanging leaves.

Stem thick, short or assurgent, densely marked with If.-scars: lvs. with long sheathed petioles, the blade, when young peltate, when old usually sagittate-cordate, the basal lobes commonly more or less united: spathe with the tube much shorter than the blade, ovoid or oblong, convolute, the blade oblong, usually boat-t shaped; spadix shorter than spathe. — Stove foliage plants from E. Asia, comprising about 40 species, in addition to many hybrids. Related to Caladium and Colocasia, from which separated by technical fr. characters. See Monogr. by Engler in De Candolle's Monographic Phanerogamarum, Vol. II.

The species of alocasia grown in greenhouses have foliage of great beauty and coloring and rank high amongst ornamental foliage plants. The leaves are remarkable for their coloring, markings, size and shape, some of them being of a rich metallic coloring while others are green and green-and-white with prominent veining. Alocasias are propagated by suckers or cuttings of the rhizomes, placed in small pots containing a mixture of light fibrous peat and sand in equal proportions, and plunged in a close frame or propagating-box with bottom heat. They may also be grown from seeds sown in 4-inch pots, in a light peaty soil in a temperature of 75° F. The month of March is the best time for propagating and potting. The evergreen species (as A. cuprea, A. longiloba, A. Lowii, A. Regina) thrive best in a compost of two parts fibrous peat and sphagnum moss and one part lumps of fibrous loam, to which should be added a sprinkling of silver sand and a few nodules of charcoal to keep the whole sweet. The herbaceous species (as A. macrorhiza) do best in good fibrous loam to which one-third of well-rotted cow-manure or pulverized sheep-manure has been added. Perfect drainage of the pots is absolutely necessary, and, in potting, the evergreen species should be coned up 2 or 3 inches above the rim of the pot, and finished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss.. The season of active growth begins about the first of March, when plants should be given a temperature of 70° at night, with a rise of 15° by day, and the atmosphere must be kept in a humid condition. They should be given a position free from drafts and direct sunlight. They require an abundance of water at the roots as the leaves develop, and are greatly benefited by an occasional watering of clear liquid sheep- or cow-manure. To secure the best development of the leaves, heavy syringing should be avoided, but frequent spraying on all fine days with an atomizer sprayer is very beneficial. Towards winter the humidity of the atmosphere and the supply of water to the roots should be reduced with the evergreen species, and gradually withheld altogether as the leaves mature, with the herbaceous species. The temperature during winter should not fall below 60°.

The following may be expected to appear in the American trade: A. Augustinianii, Lind. 4 Rod. Lvs. peltate and wavy, green above and below, with pale nerves, the petioles brown-spotted; allied to A. zebrina. I.H. 33:593. New Guinea?).—A. Curtisii. N. E. Br. Petioles 3 ft. or less, purple-barred: If.-blade 20 in. or less, and half as wide, shining green and gray-ribbed above, deep purple beneath. Penang.—A. Detmetiana, Hort. Lvs. elongated, heart-shaped and sinuate; petiole spotted.—A. eminens, N. E. Br. Lvs. peltate, the blade 3 ft. or less long and nearly half as broad, purple beneath, green and light-veined above; petioles 5 ft. or less, barred. E. Indies.—A. grandis, N. E. Br. Large: lvs. 2 ft. or less long, ovate-sagittate, half as broad, black-green below, bright green above; petioles 4 ft. or less, blackish. E. Indies.—A. guttata, N. E. Br., var. imperialis, N. E. Br. Lvs. sagittate, acute, 1 1/2 ft. or less long and half as broad, purple beneath, brown-green and dark-blotched above. Borneo. I.H. 31:541.—A. indica, Schott. 6 ft. or more, stout and fleshy: lvs. often 3 ft. across, ovate-cordate, bright green on both sides. E. Indies. F.S. 21:2206 (as A. plumbea).—A. Margaritae, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. slightly peltate, wavy, shining, green with blackish midrib, the veins and brownish petioles pubescent. New Guinea. I.H. 33:611.—A. marginata. Said to have come from Brazil. Lvs. 2 ft. or less long and very broad, slightly wavy, rounded and short-pointed, pale green, striped and mottled with purple; petioles brown-marked.—A. Micholitsiana, Hort. Lvs. arrow-shaped, velvety, the margins wavy, the midrib white. Malaysia. G.C. III. 51: Suppl. May 25, p. XVI.—A. odora, Koch. Forming a trunk: lvs. sagittate-ovate, the margin slightly undulate, up to 3 ft. long, on long petioles. J.H. III. 42:393.—A. plumbea, Hort.=A. grandis(?).—A. reversa. N. E. Br. Dwarf and compact, the petioles 6 in. long, blade less than 1 ft. long, bright green, with rib and nerves olive-green. B.M. 7498. Philippines.— A. Rodigarsiana, Andre. A.Thibautiana X A. Regina.—A. Sanderiana var. gandasensis. Rod. Lvs. wavy-margined, purple and blotched beneath. Borneo —A. sinuata. N. E. Br. Lvs. sagittate and sinuate, dark green above with lighter areas, and whitish green below. Philippines.—A. spectabilis. Hort. G.22:171.—A. Watsonidna, Hort.= A. Putzeysi.—A. Wasriniana, Mast. Lvs. erect, toothed, not sagittate, lanceolate and long-pointed, dark green; petioles purple-spotted, winged. G.C. III. 23:243. F.E. 10:886. Gn. 55:183. Celebes.

INDEX
argyraea, 13. bataviensis, 13. Chantrieri, 13. Chelsonii, 13. cuprea, 12. gigantea, 6. gigas, 13. illustris, 13. intermedia, 13. Jenningsii, 13. Johnstonii, 13.

La Salliana, 13. Lindenii, 5. longiloba, 6. Lowii, 7. Luciana, 13. macrorhiza, 11. Mashhallii, 13. metallica, 12. mortsfontainensis, 13. princeps, 1. Pucciana, 13.

Putzeysii, 8. Regina, 13. Sanderiana. 2. Sedenii, 13. Thibautiana, 9. Van Houttei, 13.

variegata, 11.

Veitchii, 10. Villeneuvei, 4. violacea, 13. zebrina, 3.

}}
{{Translation table|inline=o|hidetitle=o|width=100%
|lt=Alokazija
|to=Kape
|zh=海芋屬
}}

{{Taxonavigation|
Regnum|Plantae|
Division|Magnoliophyta|
Classis|Liliopsida|
Ordo|Arales|
Familia|Araceae}}
== Genus: '''''[[:Category:Alocasia|Alocasia]]''''' (Schott) G.Don (1839) ==
== Species: ==
<gallery>
Image:AlocasiaMacrorrhizaFlower.jpg|'''''[[Alocasia macrorrhizos]]'''''
Image:Alocasia sanderiana0.jpg|'''''[[Alocasia sanderiana]]'''''
</gallery>

== unclassified ''Alocasia'' ==
<gallery>
Image:Alocasia sp.0.jpg|''Alocasia'' spec.
</gallery>

[[Category:Araceae]]

Alnus glutinosa

2009-08-12T08:33:08Z

BradiRoberts:

{{Inc|
Alnus glutinosa, Gaertn. (A. vulgaris, Hill. A. rotundifolia, Mill. A. communis, Desf.). Black Alder. Tree, to 70 ft.: lvs. orbicular or obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, 2-5 in. long, irregularly obtusely serrate, with 5-7 pairs of veins, nearly glabrous beneath, glutinous when unfolding: cones distinctly peduncled. Eu., N. Afr., Asia, naturalized in some localities in N. Amer. H.W. 2:12. H.T. 130. — A vigorously growing tree with dark green, dull foliage, valuable for planting in damp situations. Commonly planted in many forms: Var. aurea, Versch. Lvs. yellow. I.H. 13:490. Var. denticulate, Ledeb. (A. oblongata, Willd.). Lvs. usually cuneate, serrulate. S. Eu. Var. barbata, Gallier (A. barbata, C. A. Mey.). Lvs. ovate, acute, pubescent on the veins beneath. Caucasus. Var. imperialis, Desf. Lvs. deeply pinnately lobed with lanceolate or nearly linear lobes. Var. incisa, Willd. (var. oxyacanthifolia, Spach). Lvs. small, deeply incised, like those of Crataegus oxyacantha. Var. laciniata, Willd. Lvs. pinnately lobed; lobes oblong. Var. rubrinervia, Dipp. Lvs. large and shining, with red nerves and petioles: pyramidal tree of vigorous growth, very handsome.
}}
#redirect [[Black Alder]]

Alnus incana subsp. rugosa

2009-08-12T08:32:11Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus rugosa, Spreng. Smooth Alder. Shrub, to 25 ft.: young branchlets pubescent or nearly glabrous: lvs. ovate or broadly elliptic to obovate, acute or obtuse, 2-5 in. long, doubly serrate and often slightly lobed, beneath covered more or less with brownish pubescence or glabrous: cones 4-10, the upper sessile, the lower short-stalked, ovoid, about 1/2 in. long. E. N. Amer. Mx. 3:4. Var. serrulate, Winkl. (A. serrulata, Willd.). Branchlets glabrous or nearly so: lvs. usually obovate, obtuse, finely and doubly serrulate, glabrous or nearly glabrous beneath. Em. 248.—By most European botanists this variety is considered a distinct species, but, though the extreme forms seem quite distinct, they are connected by all kinds of intermediate forms. In flower, A. rugosa is easily distinguished from A. incan by the pistillate catkins which are upright in /1. rugosa, nodding in A. incana.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus rubra

2009-08-12T08:31:20Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus rubra, Bong. (A. oregano, Nutt.). Tree, 40-50 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate, 3-5 in. long, crenate-serrate, slightly lobed, revolute on the margin, nearly glabrous beneath; petioles and veins orange-colored: cones 6-8, oblong. W. N. Amer. S.S. 9:454. Nutt., N. Amer. S. 1:9.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus tinctoria

2009-08-12T08:30:49Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus tinctoria, Sarg. (A. incana var. tinctoria, Hort.). Tree, to 60 ft.: young branchlets glabrous or slightly pubescent: lvs. broadly ovate, 4-6 in. long, membranaceous, coarsely doubly serrate, slightly lobed, glaucous and rufously pubescent on the veins beneath. Japan. G.F. 10:473. S.I.F. 1:19 (as var. glauca).—Handsome ornamental tree of very vigorous growth, with large foliage.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus incana

2009-08-12T08:30:16Z

BradiRoberts:

{{Inc|
Alnus incana, Willd. Shrub or tree, to 60 ft. : branches pubescent: lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, acute, 1 1/4-4 in. long, doubly serrate, pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath: cones 4-8; mostly sessile, 1/2 in. long. Northern hemisphere, in different varieties. H.W. 2:13.

Var. glauca, Ait. (A. glauca, Michx.). Shrub, to 12 ft.: lvs. often nearly glabrous beneath. N. Amer., Eu. Em. 251.

Var. vulgaris, Spach. Tree, to 50 ft.: lvs. usually densely pubescent beneath: cones 1 in. long. Eu., Asia.

Var. pinnatifida, Spach (var. laciniata, Hort.). Lvs. pinnately lobed or cleft, with dentate lobes.
}}
#REDIRECT [[Grey Alder]]

Alnus cordata

2009-08-12T08:29:27Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus cordata, Desf. (A. cordifolia, Ten. A. tiliacea, Hort.). Small tree, 20-50 ft.: lvs. cordate, ovate or roundish, acuminate, 2-4 in. long, bearded in the axils beneath, glandular when young: cones 1-3, ovoid, about 1 in. long, peduncled; nutlets with narrow wing. Italy, Caucasus. L.B.C. 13:1231. G.C. II. 19:285.— Round-headed tree with handsome, distinct foliage, changing orange-yellow in autumn, resembling that of a linden or pear, therefore sometimes called A. tiliaefolia or A. pyrifolia, in gardens. Not quite hardy N.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus japonica

2009-08-12T08:28:54Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus japonica, Sieb. & Zucc. (A.firma, Hort., not Sieb. & Zucc.). Tree, 50-80 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrulate, glabrous at length, bearded in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-6 in. long: cones 3-6, peduncled. Japan. G.F. 6:345 (adapted in Fig. 164). S.I.F. 1:19.—Tall, pyramidal tr.ee with dark green foliage; the largest and perhaps the most beautiful of all alders.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus maritima

2009-08-12T08:28:21Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus maritima, Nutt. (A. oblongata, Regel, not Ait. nor Willd.). Tree, to 30 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, shining above, pale green beneath, glabrous, remotely and crenately serrate, 2-4 in. long: cones 2-4. large, on short, stout peduncles. Del, Md. S.S. 9:458. G.F. 4:269. Nutt., N. Amer. S. 1:10.—Ornamental shrub or small tree with handsome shining foliage, attractive in autumn with its male catkins.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus pendula

2009-08-12T08:27:47Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus pendula, Matsum. (A. firma var. multinervis, Hegel). Tree, to 30 ft., or shrub: young branchlets pubescent: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-4 in. long, irregularly and often nearly doubly serrate, with 18-24 pairs of veins, pubescent on the veins beneath, at maturity nearly glabrous: cones 3-5, ovoid, about 1/2 in. long, in pendulous racemes, 1-2 in. long. Japan. S.I.F. 2:12. J.C.T. 16:3.—Very handsome alder, still rare in cult.; the plant cult, under this name is usually the preceding species.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus yasha

2009-08-12T08:27:14Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus yasha, Matsum. (A. firma var. yasha, Winkl.). Tree, to 30 ft.: young branchlets pubescent: lvs. ovate-oblong, 2-4 in. long, acute, usually rounded at the base, sharply and irregularly serrate, with 12-18 pairs of veins, pubescent on the veins beneath: cones 1-3, ellipsoid or sub-globose, 3/4 in. long, on slender peduncles about 1 in. long. Japan. J.C.T. 16:2.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus mitchelliana

2009-08-12T08:26:44Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus mitchelliana, Curt. (A. viridis of most American authors). American Green Alder. Shrub, 2-10 ft.: young branchlets glabrous or sparingly pubescent: lvs. elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute or obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, 1 1/2-3 in. long, densely serrulate, glutinous while young, with impressed veins above, reticulate beneath and glabrous: staminate catkins 2-3 in. long; pistillate catkins with pubescent peduncles: cones 3-6, oblong, slender-peduncled. March, Apr. Mts. of N. E. Amer., west to Brit. Col., south to N. C. —Hardy shrub with handsome bright green foliage, very aromatic when unfolding and of very pleasant effect in spring with its long male catkins; handsomer than the preceding species.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus viridis

2009-08-12T08:26:17Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alnus viridis, DC. (A. Alnobetula, Hartig. A. undulata, Willd.). European Green Alder. Shrub, 2-6 ft.: lvs. elliptic or ovate, to round-ovate, acute, usually narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, 1-2 1/2 in. long, glutinous while young, bright green above, pale green and glabrous beneath or pubescent on the veins: staminate catkins 2-3 1/2 in. long; pistillate catkins with glabrous or puberulous peduncles: cones 3-4, oblong, slender-peduncled. March, April. Mts. of Eu. L.B.C. 12:1141. H.W. 2:14.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alnus

2009-08-12T08:25:26Z

BradiRoberts:

{{Inc|
Alnus (the ancient Latin name). Betulaceae. Alder. Ornamental woody plants grown chiefly for their foliage; some species are valuable as timber trees.

Trees or shrubs: lvs. alternate, deciduous, short-petioled, usually serrate or dentate: fls. monoecious, apetalous, in catkins; staminate ones elongated, each bract with 3 fls.; stamens 4 in each fl., with short filaments not divided at the apex; pistillate catkins short, each bract with 2 fls.; styles 2; the pistillate catkins developing into a ligneous, generally ovoid cone with persistent, 5-lobed scales: fr. a small nutlet.—About 30 species in the northern hemisphere, in Amer. south to Peru. Monograph by Winkler in Engler's Pflanzenreich: Betulaceae 101 (1904).

The alders are deciduous trees, or shrubs with medium-sized leaves and pendulous staminate catkins in spring before the leaves; the short pistillate catkins developing into woody cones about 1/2 to 1 inch long and usually arranged in small racemes. The profuse male catkins are pleasing in early spring. The wood is valuable for its durability in water; of the native species, A. rubra is the most important timber-tree; in the Old World, A. glutinosa and A. japonica. Most species are suitable for planting on damp soil, where they grow rapidly, but A. cordata prefers a drier situation; also A. japonica, A. incana and A. tinctoria grow well in drier situations.

Usually propagation is by seeds gathered in the fall and well dried; sown in spring with but slight covering, and kept moist and shady, they germinate soon; a slight covering with moss, taken on when the seedlings appear, will be useful. At the end of the same year or the following spring, the seedlings are transplanted, usually into rows 1 to 2 feet apart and 6 inches from each other. After two years, they may be planted where they are to stand. The shrubby species, also A. glutinosa, grow from hardwood cuttings placed in moist and sandy soil, also from layers, and A. incana from suckers. Rarer kinds are grafted on common potted stock in early spring in the propagating-house; grafting out-of-doors is rarely successful.

A . acuminata, HBK. Tree: lvs. usually ovate and pubescent beneath, doubly serrate. Cent. Amer., north to Ariz. — A. cremastogyne, Burkill. Tree: young branchlets glabrous; lvs. oblong-obovate, glabrous, sharply serrate, 3-4 in. long: cones cylindric, solitary on slender peduncles, about 1 1/2 in. long. W.China. — Recently intro., probably not hardy N. — A. firma, Sieb. & Zucc. (A. Sieboldiana, Mats.). Allied to A. yasha. Tree: lvs. ovate, or ovate-oblong, acute, rounded at the base, with 10-15 pairs of veins, 3-5 in. long: cones about 1 in. long, solitary on a peduncle 1/2-1 in. long. Japan. S.I.F. 2:12. — A. fruticosa, Rupr. (A. viridis var. sibirica, Regel). Allied to A. viridis. Shrub: lvs. broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, usually rounded at the base, nearly doubly or sinuately serrate. Siberia, Corea. — A. hirsuta. Turcs. (A. incana var. hirsuta, Spach). Allied to A. tinctoria. Tree; young branchlets, and petioles tomentose: lvs. suborbicular to elliptic, acutish, denticulate and slightly lobed, ferrugineously tomentose beneath. Japan, Manchuria. — A. jorullensis, HBK. Allied to A. acuminata. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, coarsely dentate. Cent. Amer. — A. mollis, Fernald. Closely allied to A. crispa. Shrub or small tree: branchleta pubescent: lvs. pubescent beneath. 2—4 in. long. N.E. Amer., west to Lake Winnipeg, south to Mass. — A. nitida, Endl. Tree, to 100 ft.: lvs. ovate to ovate-oblong, short-acuminate, not plicate, 3-4 in. long, entire or remotely serrulate, bright green and lustrous above, glabrous: male catkins very slender, to 6 in. long: cones 2-4, peduncled. Himalayas. B.M. 7654.—A. oblongifiolia, Torr. Tree, 20-30 ft.: lvs. oblong-ovate, cuneate, doubly serrate, 2-3 in. long: strobiles 1/2-1 in. long, peduncled. N. Mer. and Aris. S.8. 9:457.— A. occidentalis, Dipp.==A. tenuifolia.—A. orientalis, Decne. (A. barbata, Hort., not C. A. Mey. A. firma, Hort., not Sieb. & Zucc. A. macrophylla, Hort.). Allied to A. cordata. Tree: lvs. ovate-oblong, obtusely or crenately serrate, 2-5 in. long, glabrous, with 8-10 pairs of veins: cones ovoid, glutinous, 1/2-1 in. long; nutlets without wing. Asia Minor.—A. pubescent, Tsch. (A. glutinosa X incana). Lvs. roundish-ovate or obovate, irregularly serrate, pubescent beneath. Natural hybrid.—A. rhombifolia, Nutt. Tree, 60-80 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oval or ovate, 2-3 1/2 in. long, finely serrate, yellowish green and puberulous beneath: strobiles oblong, peduncled. W.N. Amer. S.S. 1):450.—A. Sieboldiana, Mats.==A. firma.—A. sinuata, Rydb. (A. sitchensis, Sarg.). Allied to A. viridis. Shrub, 3-16 ft.: lvs. slightly lobed, serrulate, glabrous, thin. W. N. Amer. 8.8.14:727.— A . Spaethii, Callier (A. japonica X subcordata). Tree: lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, violet-purple when unfolding. Of garden origin. A. subcordata, C. A. Mey. Tree, 30-50 ft.: lvs. ovate or oblong- ovate, rounded at the base, 2-6 in.-long, crenately or doubly serrate, glabrous or sometimes pubescent beneath: cones about 1 in. long: nutlets with a narrow wing. Caucasus.—A. tenuifolia, Nutt. (A. incana var. virescens, Wats. A. occidentalis, Dipp.). Small tree, occasionally 30 ft.: lvs. ovate, 2-4 in. long, slightly lobed and doubl serrate, green and nearly glabrous beneath. W. N. Amer. S. S. 9:455.

INDEX.

Alnobetula, 1. aurea, 12. barbata, 12. communis, 12. cordata, 7. cordifolia, 7. denticulata, 12. firma, 3, 4, 8. glauca, 8. glutinosa, 12. imperialia, 12. incana, 8, 9.

incisa, 12. japonica, 6. laciniata. 8, 12. maritima, 5. Mitchelliana, 2. oblongata, 5, 12. oregana, 10. oxyacanthifolia, 12. pendula, 4. pinnatififa, 8. pyrifolia. 7. rotundifolia. 12.

rubra, 10. rubrinervia, 12. rugosa. 11. serrulata. 11. tiliacea. 7. tiliaerfolia, 7. tinctoria, 9. undulata, 1. viridis. 1, 2. vulgaris, 8, 12. yasha, 3.
}}
#REDIRECT [[Alder]]

Almond

2009-08-12T08:24:07Z

BradiRoberts:

{{Inc|
Almond. A name given to the tree and fruit of Prunus Amygdalus, Baill. (Amygdalus communis, Linn.), of the Rosacea. It is also applied to certain dwarf ornamental trees or bushes, as flowering almond (see Prunus).

The almond has been cultivated from time immemorial. It is thought to be native to the Mediterranean basin. Some inquirers have supposed it to be the original of the peach, but this idea is evidently untenable. The flowers are peach-like and handsome. The almond nut of commerce is the pit or stone of a peach-like fruit. The fleshy part, which is so thick and edible in the peach, is thin and hard, and it splits at maturity. There are two general tribes or races of almonds,—the bitter and the sweet. The former has a bitter kernel, which is used in the manufacture of flavoring extracts and prussic acid. It is grown mostly in Mediterranean countries. Of the sweet or edible almonds, there are two classes,—the hard-shell and the soft-shell. The former is of little value, and is not grown to any extent. The soft-shell type produces the edible almonds of commerce. Some of the thinnest-shelled forms are known as Paper-shells. It was once thought that almond-growing could be successfully practised in the peach-growing sections of the East, but late spring frosts, and other difficulties, have caused the effort to be abandoned commercially. Individual almond trees are occasionally seen, and they frequently bear profusely. They are nearly as hardy as the peach. The commercial cultvation of the almond on this continent is confined to western America, and the remainder of this account is therefore written from the Californian standpoint.

Almond-growing in California has received the attention of horticulturists for half a century, and during the whole of its course the industry has been marked by vicissitudes which, it must be admitted, are not yet ended. Two chief sources of difficulty are now clearly discerned to have attended the effort from its beginning, and present knowledge may enable planters to avoid, in the future, errors that have led to much disappointment and loss—the vestiges of which still encumber the ground, though clearing is proceeding rapidly. Thus far the almond tree has yielded more firewood than any other single fruit tree which has been largely planted in California, and yet planting has continued, planting and uprooting keeping pace, so that about 1,500,000 trees are annually reported by the county assessors, of which number about two-thirds may be counted of bearing age. The California almond product for a series of years is estimated as follows:

1905 2,125 tons

1906 900 "

1907 750 "

1908 3,000 "

1909 1,650 tons

1910 2,750 "

1911 1,700 "

1912 3,000 "

Irregularity in production is mainly due to the occurrence or absence of spring frosts. In spite of these facts, the almond will remain an important California product, through the satisfactory performance of trees enjoying favorable environment, which is being generally accepted as a safe guide for current planting.

The two chief sources of failure with the almond are the sterility of many varieties without cross-pollination, and the extreme propensity of the tree for early blooming, with the consequent destruction of the bloom or the young fruit by temperature very little below the freezing point. These two evils have been singularly associated historically, and only lately have they been shown to be independent factors and both of them demanding the closest attention from planters. At first it was thought that the wide planting of self-sterile varieties by themselves was the cause of disappointment, because, after years of chopping-out or grafting-over old unproductive trees to the Prune d'Agen, for which it is an excellent stock, it was observed, by chance, that the Languedoc variety adjacent to Drake's seedling, of local origin, was heavily laden with nuts when it was sterile without such association. Attention was then directed to the growth of seedlings, and a large lot of seedlings of the bitter almond, grown by A. T. Hatch, exhibited such satisfactory bearing habit and such striking variation toward new types of the soft-shell sweet almond that the growth of new selected California seedlings was seized upon as a panacea for the previously experienced troubles with the almond. These new varieties were conceived to be not only self-fertile but hardy, and large plantations were made without due regard to the frosty character of the locations. Low valley lands of great area, and some extent of high plateaux, were planted. Fine, large trees grew only to lose their crops year after year by frosts from February to April, until the growers cast the trees upon the wood-pile. As a deduction of the experience of several decades, we have arrived at what seems now to be the proper conception of the situation of the almond in California, which is that the most prolific varieties must be chosen, must be associated for purposes of cross-pollination, and must be planted in places of least liability to frost. There is a factor of some moment in the late-blooming habit of some varieties, which will be considered presently.

The soil best suited to the almond is a light, well- drained loam. The tree makes a strong and rapid root-growth, and is more tolerant of drought than any other of our leading deciduous fruit trees. For this reason, as well as to avoid frost, it is often desirable to place the almond on the higher and drier lands of the valley— providing the soil is not heavy and too retentive of surplus water in the rainy season. The root is most intolerant of standing water, and will quickly die if exposed to it. Because of its thrift in light, dry soils, the almond root is used rather largely as a stock for the Prune d'Agen, and to some extent for the peach in the dry valleys.

Almond trees are grown by budding into seedlings grown from either the sweet or the bitter hard-shell almonds, the bud being set during the first summer's growth of the seedling, and then either planted out as a dormant bud the following winter or allowed to make one season's growth on the bud in the nursery. The tree grows so rapidly, both in root and top, that only yearling trees are used.

At transplanting, the young trees are cut back so as to form a low head with only about a foot of clear trunk. They are allowed to make free growth during the following summer, and in the following winter are cut back so as to encourage branching on the main limbs within a foot of their attachment to the trunk. At the same time, the branches are reduced to four or five in number, symmetrically arranged around the stem and at good distance from each other, so that they shall not unduly crowd each other as they enlarge. Another full growth during the following summer and another cutting back the following winter give the trees the vase-form on the outside, with enough interior branches to fill the inside of the tree without crowding. Thus the tree is systematically pruned after each of its first two years' growth in the orchard. After that, shortening-in of the branches usually ceases, and the third summer's growth is allowed to stand for fruit-bearing, with only thinning-out of growth to prevent crowding. This thinning-out has to be done from time to time in later years, otherwise the tree becomes too thick, and interior branches dwindle for lack of light. The amount of thinning varies in the different climates of the state: the greater the heat, the denser the tree for its own protection. With the proper adjustment of heat and light, fresh bearing wood may be encouraged in the lower part of the tree, otherwise it becomes umbrella-shaped, with the fruit wood at the top and bare poles below.

The almond is the earliest bloomer of our common fruits. It puts forth flowers sometimes as early as January, but the usual date is about February 10 for the earliest bloomers in the warmer parts of the state, with the later bloomers at intervals thereafter until April 1. Records of full bloom of a number of varieties widely grown in California, which have been kept at the University of California substation, situated in the Sierra foot-hill region, show the following succession: Commercial, February 27; Sultana and Paper-shell, March 10; King and Marie Duprey, March 11; IXL, March 12; Languedoc, March 19; Nonpareil, March 20; Routier Twin, March 24; Pistache, March 25; Drake and Texas, April 2. Obviously the late bloomers have greater chance of escaping frost, and there is at present some disposition to make this a consideration in selecting varieties for planting. The dates just given show an extreme variation in time of blooming. Some years the intervals are much shorter, but the relation seems to be constant. The crop ripens from August 15 to October 1, accorcding to locality. Early maturity does not follow early blooming—that is, as with other fruits, the first to bloom are not necessarily the first to ripen.

Not less than twenty-five varieties of almonds have been grown to a greater or less extent in California. Varieties of foreign origin have almost wholly given place to selected seedlings of local origin, and of these a very few constitute the main crop at present. These are named in the order of their acreage, as follows: Nonpareil, Ne Plus Ultra, IXL, Drake, Texas Prolific, Languedoc. Of these, the first three occupy not less than three-fourths of the acreage.

In handling the crop, the local climate modifies methods somewhat, and the growth-habit is also involved. In regions very free from atmospheric humidity in the summer, the hull opens readilv and discloses a clean, bright nut, which can be marketed without treatment. Where this is not the case, and the nut is more or less discolored, bleaching in the fumes of sulfur has to be practised. The nut must be dry before sulfuring, or the fumes will penetrate and injure the flavor of the kernel. Sulfured nuts also lose largely in power of germination. The practice is to gather the nuts, dry for a few days in the sun, then spray with water very lightly or with a jet of steam, so that only the surface of the shell is moistened, and then sulfur, and a light color can be secured without penetration of the fumes. The nuts can usually be gathered from the ground as they naturally fall, or can be brought down by shaking or the use of light poles. Some varieties are more easily harvested than others, and the same variety falls more readily in some localities than in others. A greater or less percentage, according also to variety and locality, will have adhering hulls, and for clearing them, locally-invented machines, called almond-hullers, are used. Early rains in some localities are apt to stain the nuts. Such stains cannot be removed by sulfuring, and the nuts have to be crushed and the product marketed as kernels for the use of confectioners. Machinery is also used for this operation, and a considerable fraction of the product reaches the market in this form because of the demand for candied and salted almonds.

The standard of excellence in the almond, from a commercial point of view, as learned by the experience of California producers, is that the kernel must be as smooth, symmetrical and plump as possible. The twinning of kernels, welcome as it may be to searchers for philopenas, results in misshapen kernels, which are very objectionable to the confectioners, who are very large users of almonds. Constancy to single kernels is therefore a good point in a variety.

Large proportion of kernel to shell by weight is also, obviously, an important point to almond-buyers. At the same time, the shell may be so reduced in strength as to break badly in shipping in sacks and in subsequent handling. Incomplete covering also exposes the kernel to the sulfur and to loss of flavor. The ideal is such degree of thinness of shell as can be had with complete covering of the kernel and durability in handling.

Careful comparison of the proportion of kernel weight to gross weight of the popular California varieties, as compared with a leading imported variety, was made by a committee of the California Horticultural Society, with the following result: From one pound of each of the following varieties the net weight of kernels in ounces was: Imported Tarragona, 6 3/5; California Languedoc, 7 1/2; El Supremo, 7 1/2, Drake, 8 3/4; IXL, 9; Commercial, 9 1/4; La Prima, 9 1/2; Princess, 9 1/2; Ne Plus Ultra, 10; King, 10; Paper-shell, 11; Nonpareil, 11 to 13.
}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Almond
| image = Almonds_th.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Almonds in and out of shell
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Prunoideae]]
| genus = ''[[Prunus]]''
| subgenus = ''Amygdalus''
| species = '''''P. dulcis'''''
| binomial = ''Prunus dulcis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Philip Miller|Mill.]]) D. A. Webb
}}
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Almond, nut, raw | kJ=2418| protein=21.26 g | fat=50.64 g | carbs=19.74 g | fiber=11.8 g | | sugars=4.80 g | iron_mg=4.30 | calcium_mg=248 | magnesium_mg=275 | phosphorus_mg=474 | potassium_mg=728 | zinc_mg=3.36 | vitC_mg=0.0 | pantothenic_mg=0.349 | vitB6_mg=0.131 | folate_ug=29 | thiamin_mg=0.241 | riboflavin_mg=0.811 | niacin_mg=3.925 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}

The '''almond''' (''Prunus dulcis'', [[synonymy|syn.]] ''Prunus amygdalus'', or ''Amygdalus communis'') is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] belonging to the subfamily [[Prunoideae]] of the family [[Rosaceae]]; an ''almond'' is also the [[fruit]] of this tree. The plant is classified with the [[peach]] in the subgenus ''Amygdalus'' within ''[[Prunus]]'', distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell.

The sweet fleshy outer covering of other members of ''Prunus'', such as the [[plum]] and [[cherry]], is replaced by a leathery coat called the hull, which contains inside a hard shell the edible kernel, commonly called a [[nut (fruit)|nut]]. In botanical parlance, the reticulated hard stony shell is called an [[endocarp]], and the fruit, or [[exocarp]], is a [[drupe]], having a downy outer coat.

The tree is a native of southwest [[Asia]]. The domesticated form can ripen fruit as far north as the [[British Isles]]. It is a small tree, growing to 4-9 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are lanceolate, 6-12 cm long, and serrated at the edges. The [[flower]]s are white or pale pink, 3-5 cm diameter with five petals, produced before the leaves in early spring.

==Origin and history==

The wild form of domesticated almond grows in the [[Mediterranean region]] in parts of the [[Levant]]; almonds must first have been taken into cultivation in this region. The fruit of the wild forms contains [[glycoside amygdalin]], "which becomes transformed into deadly Prussic acid ([[Hydrogen cyanide]]) after crushing, chewing, or any other injury to the seed."<ref>A picture of the desiccated fruits from Tutankhamun's tomb can be found in Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, ''Domestication of plants in the Old World'', third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. 186</ref> Before cultivation and domestication occurred, wild almonds were harvested as food and doubtless were processed by leaching or roasting to remove their toxicity.

However, domesticated almonds are not toxic; Jared Diamond argues that a common genetic mutation causes an absence of glycoside amygdalin, and this mutant was grown by early farmers, "at first unintentionally in the garbage heaps and later intentionally in their orchards."<ref>Jared Diamond, ''Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies'' (New York: Norton, 1999), p. 118.</ref> Zohary and Hopf believe that almonds were one of the earliest domesticated fruit-trees due to "the ability of the grower to raise attractive almonds from seed. Thus in spite of the fact that this plant does not lend itself to propagation from suckers or from cuttings, it could have been domesticated even before the introduction of [[grafting]]."<ref>Zohary and Hopf, ''Domestication'', p. 187</ref> Domesticated almonds appear in the [[Early Bronze Age]] (3000–2000 BC) of the Near East, or possibly a little earlier. A well-known archaeological example of almond is the fruits found in [[Tutankhamun]]'s tomb in Egypt (c. 1325 BC), probably imported from the Levant.<ref>A picture of the desiccated fruits from Tutankhamun's tomb can be found in Zohary and Hopf, ''Domestication'', p. 188</ref>
<br />
[[Image:Unripe almond on tree.jpg|thumb
|left|Unripe almond on tree]]

==Production==
Global production of almonds is around 1.5 million tonnes, with a low of 1 million tonnes in 1995 and a peak of 1.85 million tonnes in 2002 according to [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) [http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/Hort_Circular/2004/12-10-04/12-04%20Almonds.pdf figures (pdf file)]. Major producers include [[Greece]], [[Iran]], [[Italy]], [[Morocco]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], and the world's largest producer: The [[United States]]. In Spain, numerous commercial cultivars of sweet almond are produced, most notably the Jordan almond (imported from [[Málaga]]) and the [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]] almond. In the United States, production is concentrated in [[California]], with almonds being California's sixth leading agricultural product and its top agricultural export. California exported almonds valued at 1.08 billion dollars in 2003, about 70% of total California almond crop.

==Diseases==
{{Main|List of almond diseases}}

==Pollination==
The [[pollination]] of California's almonds is the largest annual [[Pollination management|managed pollination]] event in the world, with close to one million hives (nearly half of all [[beehive (beekeeping)|beehives]] in the USA) being trucked in February to the almond groves. Much of the pollination is managed by pollination brokers, who contract with migratory [[beekeeper]]s from at least 38 states for the event.
[[Image:Almond blossoms branch.JPG|thumb|Flowering branch of an almond tree]]

==Sweet and bitter almonds==
There are two forms of the plant, one (often with white flowers) producing [[sweet]] almonds, and the other (often with pink flowers) producing [[Bitter (taste)|bitter]] almonds. The kernel of the former contains a fixed oil and emulsion. As late as the early 20th century the oil was used internally in medicine, with the stipulation that it must not be adulterated with that of the bitter almond; it remains fairly popular in [[alternative medicine]], particularly as a [[carrier oil]] in [[aromatherapy]], but has fallen out of prescription among doctors.

The bitter almond is rather broader and shorter than the sweet almond, and contains about 50% of the fixed oil which also occurs in sweet almonds. It also contains the enzyme emulsin which, in the presence of water, acts on a [[soluble]] [[glucoside]], [[amygdalin]], yielding [[glucose]], [[cyanide]] and the [[essential oil]] of bitter almonds or [[benzaldehyde]]. Bitter almonds may yield from 6 to 8% of [[Hydrogen cyanide]]. Extract of bitter almond was once used medicinally but even in small doses effects are severe and in larger doses can be deadly;<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cantor | first = Doug | coauthors = Fleischer, Jeff; Green, John and Israel, David L | title = The Fruit of the Matter | journal = [[mental floss]] | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 12 | date = July/August 2006}}</ref> the prussic acid must be removed before consumption.

The nut of the tree has also been used as a preventative for [[ethanol|alcohol]] [[intoxication]]. Folklore claims that almonds are poisonous for [[fox]]es.
[[Image:AlmondFlower.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Almond blossom giving way to leaf shoots]]

==Almond oil==
"Oleum Amygdalae," the fixed oil, is prepared from either variety of almond and is a glyceryl oleate, with a slight odor and a nutty taste. It is almost insoluble in [[ethanol|alcohol]] but readily soluble in [[chloroform]] or [[diethyl ether|ether]]. It may be used as a substitute for [[olive oil]].

The sweet almond oil is obtained from the dried [[seed|kernel]] of the plant. This oil has been traditionally used by [[massage therapist]]s to lubricate the skin during a massage session, being considered by many to be an effective [[emollient]].

==Almond syrup==
Historically, almond syrup was an [[emulsion]] of sweet and bitter almonds usually made with [[barley syrup]] ([[orgeat syrup]]) or in a syrup of orange-flower water and [[sugar]].

Grocer's Encyclopedia notes that ''"Ten parts of sweet almonds are generally employed t
o three parts of bitter almonds"'', however due to the [[cyanide]] found in bitter almonds, modern syrups generally consist of only sweet almonds. {{Grocers}}

==Culinary uses==
[[Image:Smoked_almonds.JPG|thumb|Smoked and salted almonds]]
While the almond is most often eaten on its own, raw or toasted, it is used in some dishes. It, along with other nuts, is often sprinkled over desserts, particularly sundaes and other ice cream based dishes. It is also used in making [[baklava]] and [[nougat]]. There is also [[almond butter]], a spread similar to [[peanut butter]], popular with peanut [[allergy]] sufferers and for its less salty taste.

The sweet almond itself contains practically no [[carbohydrates]] and may therefore be made into flour for cakes and biscuits for low carbohydrate diets or for patients suffering from [[diabetes mellitus]] or any other form of [[glycosuria]].
A standard serving of almond flour, 1 cup, contains 20 grammes of carbohydrates, of which 10 g is [[dietary fibre]], for a net of 10 g of carbohydrate per cup. This makes almond flour very desirable for use in cake and bread recipes by people on carbohydrate-restricted diets.

Almonds can be processed into a milk substitute simply called [[almond milk]]; the nut's soft texture, mild flavour, and light colouring (when skinned) make for an efficient analog to dairy, and a soy-free choice, for [[lactose intolerant]] persons, [[vegans]], and so on. Raw, blanched, and lightly toasted almonds all work well for different production techniques, some of which are very similar to that of [[soymilk]] and some of which actually use no heat, resulting in "raw milk" (see [[raw foodism]]).

Sweet almonds are used in [[marzipan]], [[nougat]], and [[macaroon]]s, as well as other desserts. Almonds are a rich source of [[Vitamin E]], containing 24 mg per 100 g.<ref>White G. [http://www.allaboutvision.com/nutrition/vitamin_e.htm "Vitamin E and Minerals: Nutrition from Nuts."] AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved [[August 20]], [[2006]].</ref> They are also rich in [[monounsaturated fat]], one of the two "good" fats responsible for lowering [[LDL cholesterol]].

The Marcona variety of almond, which is shorter, rounder, sweeter, and more delicate in texture than other varieties, originated in Spain and is becoming popular in North America and other parts of the world.<ref>[http://www.tienda.com/press/mercurynews.html Marcona almonds]</ref> Marcona almonds are traditionally served after being lightly fried in oil, and are also used by Spanish chefs to prepare a dessert called ''[[turrón]]''.

In [[China]], almonds are used in a popular dessert when they are mixed with milk and then served hot. In [[Indian cuisine]], almonds are the base ingredient for [[pasanda]]-style [[curry|curries]].

==Cultural aspects==
[[Image:Almond blossoms closeup.jpg|thumb|left|Almond flowers]]
[[Image:Urueña almendro1 lou.jpg|thumb|Almond tree in [[Spain]].]]
The almond is highly revered in some cultures.

The tree grows in [[Syria]] and [[Israel]], and is referred to in the [[Bible]] under the name of "Shaqued", meaning "hasten", or the literal Hebrew meaning "Awakening One", an appropriate name since the Almond tree is one of the first trees to flower at the close of winter, around late January/early February in Israel. The application of "Shaqued" or "hasten" to the almond is similar to the use of the name "May" for the hawthorn, which usually flowers in that month in Britain.
Among the [[Hebrews]] it was a symbol of watchfulness and promise due to its early flowering, symbolizing God's sudden and rapid redemption of His people after a period when he seems to have abandoned them; in [[Jeremiah]] 1:11-12, for instance. In the [[Bible]] the almond is mentioned ten times, beginning with [[Genesis]] 43:11, where it is described as "among the best of fruits". In [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 17 [[Levi]] is chosen from the other tribes of Israel by [[Aaron's rod|a rod that brought forth almond flowers]]. According to tradition, the rod of Aaron bore sweet almonds on on
e side and bitter on the other; if the Israelites followed the Lord, the sweet almonds would be ripe and edible, but if they were to forsake the path of the Lord, the bitter almonds would predominate. The almond blossom supplied a model for the [[menorah]] which stood in the [[Holy Temple]], "Three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on one branch, with a knob and a flower; and three cups, shaped like almond blossoms, were on the other...on the candlestick itself were four cups, shaped like almond blossoms, with its knobs and flowers" ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 25:33-34; 37:19-20). Similarly, Christian symbolism often uses almond branches as a symbol of the [[Virgin Birth]] of [[Jesus]]; paintings often include almonds encircling the [[Child Jesus|baby Jesus]] and as a symbol of [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]].

The word "Luz", which occurs in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 30:37, and which some translations have as "[[hazel]]", is supposed to be another name for the almond. In India, consumption of almonds is considered to be good for the brain, while the [[China|Chinese]] consider it a symbol of enduring sadness and female beauty.

==Possible health benefits==
[[Edgar Cayce]], a man regarded as the father of American [[holistic medicine]], also highly favored the almond. In his readings, Cayce often recommended that almonds be included in the [[diet (nutrition)|diet]]. Claimed health benefits include improved [[complexion]], improved movement of food through the [[colon]] and the prevention of [[cancer]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Recent research associates inclusion of almonds in the diet with elevating the blood levels of [[high density lipoprotein]]s and of lowering the levels of [[low density lipoprotein]]s. <ref>[http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2002/D/20024677.html Almonds and cholesterol at scienceblog.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/3/285 Positive effect of almonds on blood lipids at the Journal of the Americal College of Nutrition]</ref>

In many Asian cultures almonds are thought to help one's memory, though there currently is no clinical study to reject or support this claim.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Etymology==
The word 'almond' comes from Old French ''almande'' or ''alemande'', late Latin ''amandola'', derived through a form ''amingdola'' from the Greek ''amugdale'' (cf [[Amygdala]]), an almond. The al- for a- may be due to a confusion with the Arabic article ''al'', the word having first dropped the a- as in the Italian form ''mandorla''; the British pronunciation ''ar-mond'' and the modern Catalan ''ametlla'' and modern French ''amande'' show the true form of the word.

==See also==
* [[Almond milk]], a milky drink made from ground almonds, similar to soy milk
* [[Almond biscuit|Almond Biscuit]]
* [[Almond Joy]], a [[candy bar]]
* [[Turrón]], a nougat-like Spanish dessert made from almonds
* [[Nougat]]
* [[Fruit trees]]
* [[Fruit tree forms]]
* [[Pruning fruit trees]]
* [[Fruit tree propagation]]
* [[List of edible seeds]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons|Prunus dulcis dulcis}}
* [http://www.almondboard.com/ The Almond Board of California]
* [http://almondboard.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/CA%20Almond%20Facts%20Summer%202005.pdf The Almond Board of California - fact sheet]
* [http://www.almondsarein.com/ "Almonds Are In" Health and Nutrition site (The Almond Board of California]
* [http://www.accidentalhedonist.com/index.php/2004/08/31/almond_tips Tips for using almonds in Cooking]

[[Category:Prunus]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Pollination management]]

Allspice

2009-08-12T08:23:14Z

BradiRoberts:

{{Inc|
Allspice. The dry berry of the Pimento (Pimenta officinalis, Lindl.), an evergreen tree of the Myrtaceae. The tree grows in the West Indies. Jamaica yields much of the product. The fresh berrv is about the size of a pea. It is borne in clusters. The word allspice is also applied to various plants with aromatic fragrance, as Calycanthus. See Pimenta.
}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Allspice
| image = Koeh-239.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Allspice
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicots|Magnoliopsida ]]
| ordo = [[Myrtales]]
| familia = [[Myrtaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Pimenta]]''
| species = '''''P. dioica'''''
| binomial = ''Pimenta dioica''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]
}}

'''Allspice''', also called '''Jamaica pepper''', '''Myrtle pepper''', '''pimento'''<ref>Note however, that the name '''pimento''' is also used for a certain kind of large, red, heart-shaped sweet pepper that measures three to four inches long and two to three inches wide. The flesh of this [[pimento]] is sweet, succulent and more aromatic than that of the red [[bell pepper]]. These pimientos are the familiar red stuffing found in quality green [[olive]]s.
</ref>
, or '''newspice''', is a [[spice]] which is the dried unripe [[fruit]] of the ''Pimenta dioica'' plant. The name "allspice" was coined by the English, who thought it combined the flavour of several aromatic spices, such as cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves.

==Flavor==
Allspice has a complex [[aroma]], hence its name. It is an aromatic spice with a taste similar to a combination of [[cinnamon]], [[cloves]] and [[nutmeg]], but hotter and more [[black pepper|peppery]].

==History==
[[Christopher Columbus]] brought allspice to [[Spain]] from the Caribbean, where it got the name "pimienta," which is Spanish for pepper. Although he was seeking pepper, he had never actually seen real pepper and he thought allspice was it. Its Anglicized name, pimento, is occasionally used in the [[spice trade]] today. Before [[World War II]], allspice was more widely used than it is nowadays. During the war, many trees producing allspice were cut, and production never fully recovered. Most allspice is produced in [[Jamaica]], but some other sources for allspice include [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], as well as [[Mexico]]. Jamaican allspice is considered to be superior due to its higher oil content, which gives it a more appealing flavor.

==Preparation/Form==
[[Image:AllspiceSeeds.jpg|left|thumb|360px|''Pimenta dioica'' Dried, unripe fruits of allspice]]Allspice is not, as is mistakenly believed by some people who have only come across it in ground form, a mixture of spices. Rather, it is the dried fruit of the ''Pimenta dioica'' plant. The fruit is picked when it is green and unripe, traditionally they are then sun dried. When dry they are brown and look like large brown peppercorns.

Allspice is most commonly sold as whole dried fruits or as a powder. The whole fruits have a longer shelf-life than the powdered product and produce a more aromatic product when freshly ground before use. Fresh leaves are also used where available: they are similar in texture to [[bay leaves]] and are thus [[infused]] during cooking and then removed before serving. Unlike bay leaves, they lose much flavour when dried and stored. The leaves and wood are often used for smoking meats where allspice is a local crop.

==Uses==
Allspice is one of the most important ingredients of [[Caribbean]] cuisine. It is used in Caribbean jerk seasoning (the wood is used to smoke jerk in Jamaica, although the spice is a good substitute), in [[Mole (sauce)|mole sauces]], and in [[pickling]]; it is also an ingredient in commercial [[sausage]] preparations and [[curry powder]]s. Allspice is also indispensable in Middle Eastern cuisine, particularly in the [[Levant]] where it is used to flavor a variety of stews and meat dishes. In [[Palestinian cuisine]], for example, many main dishes call for allspice as the sole spice added for flavoring. Allspice is commonly used in Great Britain and appears in many dishes, including in [[cakes]]. Even in many countries where allspice is not very popular in the household, such as Germany, it is used in large amounts by commercial sausage makers. Allspice is also a main flavor used in [[barbecue]] sauces.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

Allspice has also been used as a [[deodorant]]; 18th century Russian soldiers would put allspice in their boots.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

Folklore suggests that allspice provides relief for digestive problems.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

Volatile oils found in the plant contain [[eugenol]], a weak [[antimicrobial]] agent (Yaniv, Sohara et al. 2005).

==Cultivation==
Allspice is a small shrubby tree, quite similar to the bay laurel in size and form. It can be grown outdoors in the tropics and subtropics with normal garden soil and watering. Smaller plants can be killed by frost, although larger plants are more tolerant. It adapts well to container culture and can be kept as a [[houseplant]] or in a [[greenhouse]]. The plant is [[dioecious]], hence male and female plants must be kept in proximity in order to allow fruits to develop.

To protect the pimento trade the plant was guarded against export from Jamaica. It is reported that many attempts were made at growing the pimento from seeds, all failed. At one time it was thought that the plant would grow nowhere else except in Jamaica where the plant was readily spread by birds. Experiments were then performed using the constituents of bird droppings, however these were also totally unsuccessful. Eventually it was realized that an elevated temperature, such as that found inside a bird's body, was essential for germinating the seeds.

==Notes==

<references/>

==References==
*''Herbs, Spices and Flavourings'', Tom Stobart, [[Penguin books]], 1977

*Yaniv, Zohara et al. ''Hand Book of Medicinal Plants''. 10 Alice Street, Bringhamton, NY 13904-1580: Food Products Press(r), 2005.

{{Herbs & spices}}

[[Category:Myrtaceae]]
[[Category:Peppers]]
[[Category:Flora of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Flora of Honduras]]
[[Category:Flora of Jamaica]]

Alloplectus schlimii

2009-08-12T08:18:53Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
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| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
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| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alloplectus schlimii, Planch. & Lind. Lvs. acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base, oblong, green above, violet or purple-violet beneath: fls. axillary, in pairs or sometimes more numerous, the calyx spotted with green; corolla yellow-scarlet below, shading upward into a delicate violet above. Trop. S. Amer. F.S. 8:827
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alloplectus sparsiflorus

2009-08-12T08:18:14Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
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| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alloplectus sparsiflorus, Mart. Erect: lvs. ovate-oblong, acute entire; petiole and nerves beneath often red: calyx of 5 cordate or triangular dark blood or purple sepals, forming a striking contrast to the yellow club-shaped densely hairy corolla; limb of corolla of 5 equal segms. Brazil. B.M. 4216, erroneously as A. dichrous.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alloplectus repens

2009-08-12T08:17:35Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alloplectus repens, Hook. Trailing by means of roots thrown out between the pairs of lvs.: lvs. ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy or smooth: calyx pale green, blotched with purple; corolla yellow, tinged red, gaping; tube swollen at the base; limb of 4 spreading segms., the uppermost being twice cut. E. Indies. B.M. 4250.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Alloplectus

2009-08-12T08:16:57Z

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' 
| common_names = 
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png 
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = 
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|

Alloplectus (diversely plaited; referring to appearance of the calyx). Gesnercea. Tender tropical evergreen shrubby plants, with tubular yellowish axillary fls. and opposite lvs. ; one of each lf. in the pair smaller than the other, their under surfaces usually reddish or purplish. To be grown in the warm-house with similar treatment as that for Gesnera.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Allium platycaule

2009-08-12T08:14:19Z

Allium anceps

2009-08-12T08:13:43Z

Allium falcifolium

2009-08-12T08:13:11Z

Allium fimbriatum

2009-08-12T08:12:41Z

Allium bídwelliae

2009-08-12T08:12:10Z

Allium serratum

2009-08-12T08:11:32Z

Allium attenuifolium

2009-08-12T08:11:00Z

Allium sanbornii

2009-08-12T08:10:27Z

Allium stellatum

2009-08-12T08:09:53Z

Allium unifolium

2009-08-12T08:09:18Z

Allium bolanderi

2009-08-12T08:08:43Z

Allium cusickii

2009-08-12T08:08:10Z

Allium madidum

2009-08-12T08:07:37Z

Allium scaposum

2009-08-12T08:07:02Z

Allium geyeri

2009-08-12T08:06:23Z

Allium reticulatum

2009-08-12T08:05:47Z

Allium haematochiton

2009-08-12T08:05:13Z