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Mamoncillo

2023-09-28T19:02:03Z

Kirka: /* References and external links */

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Mamoncillo
| image = Melicoccus bijugatus.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Mamoncillo leaf and fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Sapindaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Melicoccus]]''
| species = '''''M. bijugatus'''''
| binomial = ''Melicoccus bijugatus''
| binomial_authority = [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]
}}

The '''mamoncillo''' (''Melicoccus bijugatus''), also known as the '''mamón''' (although the word is considered obscene in some Spanish speaking countries), '''chenet''', '''guaya''', '''gnep''', '''ginep''', '''genip''', '''guinep''', '''ginnip''', '''quenepa''' (in [[Puerto Rico]]), '''Spanish lime''', or '''limoncillo''', is a [[fruit]]-bearing [[tree]] in the soapberry family [[Sapindaceae]], native or naturalised over a wide area of the American tropics including [[Central America]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Suriname]] and the [[Caribbean]]. It is a large tree growing up to 30 m high. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, 8–5 cm long, pinnate with 4 or 6 opposite leaflets (no terminal leaflet), each leaflet 5–10 cm long.

It is grown and cultivated for its ovoid, green fruit, which grow in bunches. The fruit ripen during the summer. The fruit, similar to that of the related [[lychee]], is classified as a [[drupe]]. A mamoncillo fruit has a tight and thin but rigid layer of skin, traditionally cracked by the teeth. Inside the skin is the tart, tangy, yellow pulp of the fruit, which is sucked by putting the whole fruit inside the mouth (the seed takes most of the volume of what is inside the skin). The stains on clothing from the pulp take a brownish color and cannot be removed; the stains are permanent.

[[Image:mamoncillo.jpg|left|thumb|Fruit]]
Each mamoncillo fruit has a large [[seed]] inside, the same ovoid shape as the fruit itself. Mamoncillo seeds can be roasted and eaten just like [[sunflower]] seeds or [[chestnut]]s.

The mamoncillo has small, greenish-white, fragrant [[flower]]s in [[panicle]]s. They begin to blossom from the branch tips when the rainy season begins. The mamoncillo is an example of a polygamous plant, producing bisexual flowers as well as flowers that are exclusively male or exclusively female. Occasionally, a bisexual flower will have a "dud" (sterile) anther, which limits the number of fruits produced from self-pollination when cross-pollination is possible.

Being tropical, the mamoncillo prefers warmer temperatures. Its leaves can be damaged if the temperature hits freezing point, with serious damage occurring below -4°C. Gardeners of mamoncillos should occasionally give their plants heavy watering during the summer and propagate via seeds; grafting is also used to propagate [[cultivar]]s.

The mamoncillo is also commonly planted along roadsides as an ornamental tree.

According to Caribbean folk wisdom, girls learn the art of kissing by eating the sweet flesh of this fruit {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

==See also==
* [[Ackee]]
* [[Longan]]
* [[Lychee]]
* [[Rambutan]]
* For the member of the [[honeysuckle]] (''lonicera'') family, sometimes called "honeyberry" by nursey catalogs, see [[Lonicera caerulea]].

==References and external links==

* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mamoncillo.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Mamoncillo]
* [http://www.montosogardens.com/melicoccus_bijugatus.htm Melicoccus bijugatus (Sapindaceae)]
* [http://www.crfg.org/photocon/1999-3d.jpg Image of fruit]
* [http://www.viequesvisitor.com/natural-vieques/quenepa.html Description of Vieques quenepa trees and recipe for an alcoholic drink called bilí]

[[Category:Sapindaceae]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Trees of Colombia]]
[[Category:Trees of Guyana]]
[[Category:Trees of Suriname]]
[[Category:Trees of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Trees of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Trees of Central America]]
[[Category:Trees of the Caribbean]]

Category:GFDL images

2023-09-28T00:54:36Z

Kirka: Created page with "The files below have been made available via GNU Free Documentation Licensing. See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/ for more information."

The files below have been made available via GNU Free Documentation Licensing. See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/ for more information.

Polystichum munitum

2023-09-10T16:46:09Z

Kirka:

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Dryopteridaceae
|genus=Polystichum
|species=P. munitum
|common_name=Sword Fern, Western Sword Fern
|habit=fern
|Min ht box=4
|Min ht metric=in
|Max ht box=12
|Max ht metric=in
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=shade
|features=fire resistant
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=3
|max_zone=8
|image=Polystichum munitum (Jami Dwyer) 001.jpg
|image_width=240
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Polystichum munitum 1.jpg|
Image:Polystichum munitum sori.jpg|
Image:Polystichum munitum Cougar Mountain.jpg|
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Dietes bicolor

2023-09-10T16:29:46Z

Kirka:

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Iridaceae
|genus=Dietes
|species=bicolor
|common_name=Wild iris, African iris, Fortnight lily
|habit=bulbous
|Min ht box=24
|Min ht metric=in
|Max ht box=36
|Max ht metric=in
|Max wd box=12
|Max wd metric=in
|origin=S Africa
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=sun, part-sun
|water=moderate, dry
|features=evergreen, flowers, drought tolerant, fire resistant
|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring, early summer, mid summer, late summer
|flowers=yellow, brown, multicolored
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=9
|max_zone=10
|image=Fortnight Lily.jpg
|image_width=240
|min_temp=°F
}}

[[Dietes]] bicolor (variably known as African iris or Fortnight lily) is a clump-forming rhozomatous perennial plant with long sword-like pale-green leaves, growing from multiple fans at the base of the clump.

==Cultivation==


===Propagation===

Can be propagated by seed or through division. Seeds should be sown in well drained soil during early spring, and kept moist until germination. When seedlings are large enough to be handled, thin out so that they about 12 cms apart from each other.

If propagating mature plants, division can be done in Spring or Fall by cutting the rootball into thirds with a sharp knife. Be sure to water well after replanting.
===Pests and diseases===


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==





==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}

__NOTOC__

Agapanthus

2023-08-20T01:40:43Z

Kirka: /* Cultivation */

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Alliaceae
|genus=Agapanthus
|common_name=African lily, Lily-of-the-Nile
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|habit=bulbous
|Min ht box=1.5
|Min ht metric=ft
|Max ht box=4
|Max ht metric=ft
|height_ref=Missouri Bontanical Garden
|Min wd box=1
|Min wd metric=ft
|Max wd box=2.5
|Max wd metric=ft
|origin=South Africa
|lifespan=perennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|exposure=sun, part-sun
|water=moist, moderate, dry
|features=fire resistant
|flower_season=early summer, mid summer
|flowers=blue, purple, white
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=6
|max_zone=10
|sunset_zones=vary by species
|image=Agapanthus africanus.jpg
|image_width=240
}}
''Agapanthus'' is a genus of [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]] that mostly [[Anthesis|bloom]] in summer. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are basal and curved, linear, and up to 60 cm long. They are arranged in two rows.

The [[inflorescence]] is a pseudo-[[umbel]] subtended by two large [[bract]]s at the [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#A| apex]] of a long, erect [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#S| scape]], up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. They have funnel-shaped [[flower]]s, in hues of blue to purple, shading to white. Some hybrids and cultivars have colors not found in [[Wildlife|wild]] plants. The [[Ovary (plants)| ovary is superior]]. The [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#S| style]] is hollow. Agapanthus does not have the distinctive chemistry of [[Alliaceae]].

{{Inc|
Agapanthus (agape, love, and anthos, flower). Liliaceae. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks, blooming from late spring to fall, but mostly in summer. Plant robust and tall (dwarf forms): scape simple, fls. in 2-bracted umbels, in shades of blue and varying to white; perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regular; stamens 6: pod many-seeded; seeds flat, above: foliage
usually evergreen, but vanishing early in some of the forms. S. Afr.—Probably only one species, although several have been described.

In this country, agapanthuses are usually grown in tubs (the roots are likely to burst pots), and are flowered in summer in the conservatory, window-garden, living room, or set in protected places in the open. The plant is kept dormant during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough life being maintained to prevent the leaves from falling. When in bloom, give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become overcrowded in the tub, and supplied with
manure-water, sending up many clusters each year. Good results can also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept dormant until spring, plants may be bedded in the open, or massed in vases, for summer bloom.—Propagation is effected by dividing the roots (and rarely by seeds). Old roots break up more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dormant, the plant will stand a few degrees —usually 10° or less— of frost.
}}

Strap shaped leaves look like a fountain. Flower spikes rise on a stem, with a sphere of flowers on top during summer.

==Cultivation==
{{monthbox
| color = IndianRed
| name = Agapanthus
| jan =
| feb = sow
| mar = sow
| apr = divide
| may = transplant
| jun =
| jul = flowering
| aug = flowering
| sep = flowering
| oct =
| nov =
| dec =
| notes =
}}
''Agapanthus africanus'' can be grown within [http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov USDA plant hardiness zones] 9 to 11. In lower-numbered zones, the bulbs should be placed deeper in the soil and mulched well in the fall. They can also be dug up and stored indoors during the winter.

Several hundred [[cultivar]]s and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are cultivated as garden and landscape plants. Several are winter-hardy to USDA Zone 7.

===Propagation===
Division of bulbs or by seeds. Seeds of most varieties are fertile. Divide once every 5 years{{SSN}}.

===Pests and diseases===

==Species==
Zonneveld & Duncan (2003) classified ''Agapanthus'' into six species (''A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. caulescens, A. coddii, A. inapertus, A. praecox''). Four additional taxa recognised by Leighton (1965) as species (''A. comptonii, A. dyeri, A. nutans, A. walshii'') are given status below species rank by Zonneveld & Duncan.
* ''[[Agapanthus africanus]]'' (syn. ''A. umbellatus; African Lily or African Tulip)
* ''[[Agapanthus campanulatus]]'' (African bluebell, African Blue lily or Bell Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus caulescens]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus coddii]]'' (Codd's Agapanthus or Blue Lily)
* ''[[Agapanthus comptonii]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus dyeri]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Headbourne Hybrids']]''
* ''[[Agapanthus inapertus]]'' (Drakensberg Agapanthus or Drooping Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus nutans]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus orientalis]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Peter Pan']]'' (dwarf)
* ''[[Agapanthus praecox]]'' (Common Agapanthus, Blue Lily, African Lily, or Lily of the Nile)
* ''[[Agapanthus walshii]]''

==References==
*{{wplink}}
*Manual of Gardening, a Practical Guide to the Making of Home Grounds, L. H. Bailey




==External links==
http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a434
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__

Agapanthus

2023-08-20T01:32:50Z

Kirka:

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Alliaceae
|genus=Agapanthus
|common_name=African lily, Lily-of-the-Nile
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|habit=bulbous
|Min ht box=1.5
|Min ht metric=ft
|Max ht box=4
|Max ht metric=ft
|height_ref=Missouri Bontanical Garden
|Min wd box=1
|Min wd metric=ft
|Max wd box=2.5
|Max wd metric=ft
|origin=South Africa
|lifespan=perennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|exposure=sun, part-sun
|water=moist, moderate, dry
|features=fire resistant
|flower_season=early summer, mid summer
|flowers=blue, purple, white
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=6
|max_zone=10
|sunset_zones=vary by species
|image=Agapanthus africanus.jpg
|image_width=240
}}
''Agapanthus'' is a genus of [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]] that mostly [[Anthesis|bloom]] in summer. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are basal and curved, linear, and up to 60 cm long. They are arranged in two rows.

The [[inflorescence]] is a pseudo-[[umbel]] subtended by two large [[bract]]s at the [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#A| apex]] of a long, erect [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#S| scape]], up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. They have funnel-shaped [[flower]]s, in hues of blue to purple, shading to white. Some hybrids and cultivars have colors not found in [[Wildlife|wild]] plants. The [[Ovary (plants)| ovary is superior]]. The [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#S| style]] is hollow. Agapanthus does not have the distinctive chemistry of [[Alliaceae]].

{{Inc|
Agapanthus (agape, love, and anthos, flower). Liliaceae. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks, blooming from late spring to fall, but mostly in summer. Plant robust and tall (dwarf forms): scape simple, fls. in 2-bracted umbels, in shades of blue and varying to white; perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regular; stamens 6: pod many-seeded; seeds flat, above: foliage
usually evergreen, but vanishing early in some of the forms. S. Afr.—Probably only one species, although several have been described.

In this country, agapanthuses are usually grown in tubs (the roots are likely to burst pots), and are flowered in summer in the conservatory, window-garden, living room, or set in protected places in the open. The plant is kept dormant during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough life being maintained to prevent the leaves from falling. When in bloom, give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become overcrowded in the tub, and supplied with
manure-water, sending up many clusters each year. Good results can also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept dormant until spring, plants may be bedded in the open, or massed in vases, for summer bloom.—Propagation is effected by dividing the roots (and rarely by seeds). Old roots break up more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dormant, the plant will stand a few degrees —usually 10° or less— of frost.
}}

Strap shaped leaves look like a fountain. Flower spikes rise on a stem, with a sphere of flowers on top during summer.

==Cultivation==
{{monthbox
| color = IndianRed
| name = Agapanthus
| jan =
| feb = sow
| mar = sow
| apr = divide
| may = transplant
| jun =
| jul = flowering
| aug = flowering
| sep = flowering
| oct =
| nov =
| dec =
| notes =
}}
''Agapanthus africanus'' can be grown within [[USDA plant hardiness zones]] 9 to 11. In lower-numbered zones, the bulbs should be placed deeper in the soil and mulched well in the fall. They can also be dug up and stored indoors during the winter.

Several hundred [[cultivar]]s and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are cultivated as garden and landscape plants. Several are winter-hardy to USDA Zone 7.

===Propagation===
Division of bulbs or by seeds. Seeds of most varieties are fertile. Divide once every 5 years{{SSN}}.

===Pests and diseases===

==Species==
Zonneveld & Duncan (2003) classified ''Agapanthus'' into six species (''A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. caulescens, A. coddii, A. inapertus, A. praecox''). Four additional taxa recognised by Leighton (1965) as species (''A. comptonii, A. dyeri, A. nutans, A. walshii'') are given status below species rank by Zonneveld & Duncan.
* ''[[Agapanthus africanus]]'' (syn. ''A. umbellatus; African Lily or African Tulip)
* ''[[Agapanthus campanulatus]]'' (African bluebell, African Blue lily or Bell Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus caulescens]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus coddii]]'' (Codd's Agapanthus or Blue Lily)
* ''[[Agapanthus comptonii]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus dyeri]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Headbourne Hybrids']]''
* ''[[Agapanthus inapertus]]'' (Drakensberg Agapanthus or Drooping Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus nutans]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus orientalis]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Peter Pan']]'' (dwarf)
* ''[[Agapanthus praecox]]'' (Common Agapanthus, Blue Lily, African Lily, or Lily of the Nile)
* ''[[Agapanthus walshii]]''

==References==
*{{wplink}}
*Manual of Gardening, a Practical Guide to the Making of Home Grounds, L. H. Bailey




==External links==
http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a434
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__

Ovary

2023-08-20T01:29:06Z

Kirka:

[[Image:Upload.png|thumb|[[Special:Upload|Upload image!]]]]

In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the [[ovule]](s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals. The [[pistil]] may be made up of one carpel or of several fused carpels (e.g. dicarpel or tricarpel), and therefore the ovary can contain part of one carpel or parts of several fused carpels. Above the ovary is the style and the stigma, which is where the pollen lands and germinates to grow down through the style to the ovary, and, for each individual pollen grain, to fertilize one individual ovule. Some wind pollinated flowers have much reduced and modified ovaries.

== Classification based on position ==

Ovary insertion: I) superior; II) half-inferior; III) inferior. a androecium g gynoecium p petals s sepals r receptacle. The insertion point is where a, p, and s converge.

The terminology of the positions of ovaries is determined by the insertion point, where the other floral parts (perianth and androecium) come together and attach to the surface of the ovary.[18] If the ovary is situated above the insertion point, it is superior; if below, inferior.
Superior ovary

A superior ovary is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as true berries, drupes, etc. A flower with this arrangement is described as hypogynous. Examples of this ovary type include the legumes (beans and peas and their relatives).

Half-inferior ovary

A half-inferior ovary (also known as “half-superior”, “subinferior,” or “partially inferior,”) is embedded or surrounded by the receptacle.[19] This occurs in flowers of the family Lythraceae, which includes the crape myrtles. Such flowers are termed perigynous or half-epigynous. In some classifications, half-inferior ovaries are not recognized and are instead grouped with either the superior or inferior ovaries.

More specifically, a half-inferior ovary has nearly equal portions of ovary above and below the insertion point. Other varying degrees of inferiority can be described by other fractions. For instance, a "one-fifth inferior ovary" has approximately one fifth of its length under the insertion point. Likewise, only one quarter portion of a "three-quarters inferior ovary" is above the insertion.
Inferior ovary
An inferior ovary lies below the attachment of other floral parts. A pome is a type of fleshy fruit that is often cited as an example, but close inspection of some pomes (such as Pyracantha) will show that it is really a half-inferior ovary. Flowers with inferior ovaries are termed epigynous. Some examples of flowers with an inferior ovary are orchids (inferior capsule), Fuchsia (inferior berry), banana (inferior berry), Asteraceae (inferior achene-like fruit, called a cypsela) and the pepo of the squash, melon and gourd family, Cucurbitaceae.

{{Wplink}}
{{glossary}}

Agapanthus

2023-08-19T23:48:03Z

Kirka:

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Alliaceae
|genus=Agapanthus
|common_name=African lily, Lily-of-the-Nile
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|habit=bulbous
|Min ht box=1.5
|Min ht metric=ft
|Max ht box=4
|Max ht metric=ft
|height_ref=Missouri Bontanical Garden
|Min wd box=1
|Min wd metric=ft
|Max wd box=2.5
|Max wd metric=ft
|origin=South Africa
|lifespan=perennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|exposure=sun, part-sun
|water=moist, moderate, dry
|features=fire resistant
|flower_season=early summer, mid summer
|flowers=blue, purple, white
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=6
|max_zone=10
|sunset_zones=vary by species
|image=Agapanthus africanus.jpg
|image_width=240
}}
''Agapanthus'' is a genus of [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]] that mostly [[Anthesis|bloom]] in summer. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are basal and curved, linear, and up to 60 cm long. They are arranged in two rows.

The [[inflorescence]] is a pseudo-[[umbel]] subtended by two large [[bract]]s at the [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#A| apex]] of a long, erect [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#S| scape]], up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. They have funnel-shaped [[flower]]s, in hues of blue to purple, shading to white. Some hybrids and cultivars have colors not found in [[Wildlife|wild]] plants. The [[Ovary (plants)| ovary]] is [[superior ovary| superior]]. The [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#S| style]] is hollow. Agapanthus does not have the distinctive chemistry of [[Alliaceae]].

{{Inc|
Agapanthus (agape, love, and anthos, flower). Liliaceae. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks, blooming from late spring to fall, but mostly in summer. Plant robust and tall (dwarf forms): scape simple, fls. in 2-bracted umbels, in shades of blue and varying to white; perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regular; stamens 6: pod many-seeded; seeds flat, above: foliage
usually evergreen, but vanishing early in some of the forms. S. Afr.—Probably only one species, although several have been described.

In this country, agapanthuses are usually grown in tubs (the roots are likely to burst pots), and are flowered in summer in the conservatory, window-garden, living room, or set in protected places in the open. The plant is kept dormant during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough life being maintained to prevent the leaves from falling. When in bloom, give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become overcrowded in the tub, and supplied with
manure-water, sending up many clusters each year. Good results can also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept dormant until spring, plants may be bedded in the open, or massed in vases, for summer bloom.—Propagation is effected by dividing the roots (and rarely by seeds). Old roots break up more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dormant, the plant will stand a few degrees —usually 10° or less— of frost.
}}

Strap shaped leaves look like a fountain. Flower spikes rise on a stem, with a sphere of flowers on top during summer.

==Cultivation==
{{monthbox
| color = IndianRed
| name = Agapanthus
| jan =
| feb = sow
| mar = sow
| apr = divide
| may = transplant
| jun =
| jul = flowering
| aug = flowering
| sep = flowering
| oct =
| nov =
| dec =
| notes =
}}
''Agapanthus africanus'' can be grown within [[USDA plant hardiness zones]] 9 to 11. In lower-numbered zones, the bulbs should be placed deeper in the soil and mulched well in the fall. They can also be dug up and stored indoors during the winter.

Several hundred [[cultivar]]s and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are cultivated as garden and landscape plants. Several are winter-hardy to USDA Zone 7.

===Propagation===
Division of bulbs or by seeds. Seeds of most varieties are fertile. Divide once every 5 years{{SSN}}.

===Pests and diseases===

==Species==
Zonneveld & Duncan (2003) classified ''Agapanthus'' into six species (''A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. caulescens, A. coddii, A. inapertus, A. praecox''). Four additional taxa recognised by Leighton (1965) as species (''A. comptonii, A. dyeri, A. nutans, A. walshii'') are given status below species rank by Zonneveld & Duncan.
* ''[[Agapanthus africanus]]'' (syn. ''A. umbellatus; African Lily or African Tulip)
* ''[[Agapanthus campanulatus]]'' (African bluebell, African Blue lily or Bell Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus caulescens]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus coddii]]'' (Codd's Agapanthus or Blue Lily)
* ''[[Agapanthus comptonii]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus dyeri]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Headbourne Hybrids']]''
* ''[[Agapanthus inapertus]]'' (Drakensberg Agapanthus or Drooping Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus nutans]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus orientalis]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Peter Pan']]'' (dwarf)
* ''[[Agapanthus praecox]]'' (Common Agapanthus, Blue Lily, African Lily, or Lily of the Nile)
* ''[[Agapanthus walshii]]''

==References==
*{{wplink}}
*Manual of Gardening, a Practical Guide to the Making of Home Grounds, L. H. Bailey




==External links==
http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a434
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__

Agapanthus

2023-08-19T23:42:00Z

Kirka:

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Alliaceae
|genus=Agapanthus
|common_name=African lily, Lily-of-the-Nile
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|habit=bulbous
|Min ht box=1.5
|Min ht metric=ft
|Max ht box=4
|Max ht metric=ft
|height_ref=Missouri Bontanical Garden
|Min wd box=1
|Min wd metric=ft
|Max wd box=2.5
|Max wd metric=ft
|origin=South Africa
|lifespan=perennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|exposure=sun, part-sun
|water=moist, moderate, dry
|features=fire resistant
|flower_season=early summer, mid summer
|flowers=blue, purple, white
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=6
|max_zone=10
|sunset_zones=vary by species
|image=Agapanthus africanus.jpg
|image_width=240
}}
''Agapanthus'' is a genus of [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]] that mostly [[Anthesis|bloom]] in summer. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are basal and curved, linear, and up to 60 cm long. They are arranged in two rows.

The [[inflorescence]] is a pseudo-[[umbel]] subtended by two large [[bract]]s at the [[Glossary of Gardening Terms#A| apex]] of a long, erect [[Scape (botany)| scape]], up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. They have funnel-shaped [[flower]]s, in hues of blue to purple, shading to white. Some hybrids and cultivars have colors not found in [[Wildlife|wild]] plants. The [[Ovary (plants)| ovary]] is [[superior ovary| superior]]. The [[style (botany)| style]] is hollow. Agapanthus does not have the distinctive chemistry of [[Alliaceae]].

{{Inc|
Agapanthus (agape, love, and anthos, flower). Liliaceae. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks, blooming from late spring to fall, but mostly in summer. Plant robust and tall (dwarf forms): scape simple, fls. in 2-bracted umbels, in shades of blue and varying to white; perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regular; stamens 6: pod many-seeded; seeds flat, above: foliage
usually evergreen, but vanishing early in some of the forms. S. Afr.—Probably only one species, although several have been described.

In this country, agapanthuses are usually grown in tubs (the roots are likely to burst pots), and are flowered in summer in the conservatory, window-garden, living room, or set in protected places in the open. The plant is kept dormant during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough life being maintained to prevent the leaves from falling. When in bloom, give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become overcrowded in the tub, and supplied with
manure-water, sending up many clusters each year. Good results can also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept dormant until spring, plants may be bedded in the open, or massed in vases, for summer bloom.—Propagation is effected by dividing the roots (and rarely by seeds). Old roots break up more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dormant, the plant will stand a few degrees —usually 10° or less— of frost.
}}

Strap shaped leaves look like a fountain. Flower spikes rise on a stem, with a sphere of flowers on top during summer.

==Cultivation==
{{monthbox
| color = IndianRed
| name = Agapanthus
| jan =
| feb = sow
| mar = sow
| apr = divide
| may = transplant
| jun =
| jul = flowering
| aug = flowering
| sep = flowering
| oct =
| nov =
| dec =
| notes =
}}
''Agapanthus africanus'' can be grown within [[USDA plant hardiness zones]] 9 to 11. In lower-numbered zones, the bulbs should be placed deeper in the soil and mulched well in the fall. They can also be dug up and stored indoors during the winter.

Several hundred [[cultivar]]s and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are cultivated as garden and landscape plants. Several are winter-hardy to USDA Zone 7.

===Propagation===
Division of bulbs or by seeds. Seeds of most varieties are fertile. Divide once every 5 years{{SSN}}.

===Pests and diseases===

==Species==
Zonneveld & Duncan (2003) classified ''Agapanthus'' into six species (''A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. caulescens, A. coddii, A. inapertus, A. praecox''). Four additional taxa recognised by Leighton (1965) as species (''A. comptonii, A. dyeri, A. nutans, A. walshii'') are given status below species rank by Zonneveld & Duncan.
* ''[[Agapanthus africanus]]'' (syn. ''A. umbellatus; African Lily or African Tulip)
* ''[[Agapanthus campanulatus]]'' (African bluebell, African Blue lily or Bell Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus caulescens]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus coddii]]'' (Codd's Agapanthus or Blue Lily)
* ''[[Agapanthus comptonii]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus dyeri]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Headbourne Hybrids']]''
* ''[[Agapanthus inapertus]]'' (Drakensberg Agapanthus or Drooping Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus nutans]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus orientalis]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Peter Pan']]'' (dwarf)
* ''[[Agapanthus praecox]]'' (Common Agapanthus, Blue Lily, African Lily, or Lily of the Nile)
* ''[[Agapanthus walshii]]''

==References==
*{{wplink}}
*Manual of Gardening, a Practical Guide to the Making of Home Grounds, L. H. Bailey




==External links==
http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a434
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__

Glossary of Gardening Terms

2023-08-19T23:40:55Z

Kirka: /* A */

Glossary of botanical and horticultural technical terms.

The following set of words includes many descriptive terms used on Plants.am and elsewhere, with explanations of their meaning.

{{compactTOC2}}

==A==
''[[Aberrant]]''. Unusual, or exceptional; a plant or structure that varies from customary structure or from the type; used mostly of variation.

''[[Abortive]]''. Defective; barren; not developed.

''[[Abrupt]]''. Changing suddenly rather than gradually, as a [[leaf]] that is narrowed quickly to a point, or a [[pinnate]] leaf that has no terminal [[leaflet]]; not tapering.

''[[Acaulescent]]''. [[Stemless]], or apparently stemless; sometimes the stem is subterranean or protrudes only slightly.

''[[Accessory buds]]''. [[Bud]]s more than one in an [[axil]].

''[[Accessory fruit]]''. [[Fruit]]-like body composed of [[pericarp]] and other structure or structures seemingly a part of it, but not originally united with it, as [[wintergreen berry]].

''[[Accrescent]]''. Increasing; becoming larger after [[flower]]ing, as the [[calyx]] in some plants.

''[[Accumbent]]''. Lying against; said of [[cotyledon]]s when the edges are placed against the [[radicle]].

''[[Achene]]'' (akene). A dry [[indehiscent]] one-seeded [[pericarp]].

''[[Achlamydeous]]''. Lacking [[calyx]] or [[corolla]]; [[naked]].

''[[Acinaciform]]''. Shaped like a scimitar; curved, round toward the point, being thicker on the outer side than on the convex or inner side.

''[[Acotyledonous]]''. Without [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Adnate]]''. Grown to, united with another part; as [[stamen]]s with the [[corolla]]-tube or an [[anther]] in its whole length with the [[filament]].

''[[Adventitious buds]]''. [[Bud]]s appearing on occasion, rather than in regular places and order, as those arising about wounds.

''[[Adventive]]''. Said of an introduced plant not yet established; imperfectly or only partially [[naturalize]]d.

''[[Aestivation]]''. The arrangement of [[floral envelope]]s in the [[bud]] (aestivus, ''summer'', when [[flower]]s mostly appear. Vernation is [[leaf]]-arrangement in the bud).

''[[Affinity]]''. A plant or part closely related to another or much resembling it in structure.

''[[Agglomerate]]''. Piled together, heaped up.

''[[Aggregate fruit]]''. One formed by the coherence of [[pistil]]s that were distinct in the [[flower]], as [[blackberry]].

''[[Albumen]]''. Starchy or other nutritive material accompanying the [[embryo]]; commonly used in the sense of [[endosperm]], for the material surrounding the embryo.

''[[Alburnum]]''. The [[sapwood]] or younger wood of a tree.

''[[Alternate]]''. Any arrangement of [[leaves]] or other parts not opposite or [[whorled]]; placed singly at different heights on the [[axis]] or [[stem]].

''[[Alveolate]]''. Honey-combed, or pitted with angular separated depressions.

''[[Ament]]''. Catkin.

''[[Amentiferous]]''. Bearing [[ament]]s or catkins.

''[[Amorphous]]''. Formless; of no definite or constant [[form]].

''[[Amphigean]]''. Of both worlds, the Old and New; said of distribution of plants.

''[[Amphitropous]]''. Said of a straight [[ovule]] or seed that is apparently turned a quarter way around, so that it is half inverted and with the scar or [[hilum]] on the side.

''[[Ampullaceous]]''. Said of plants bearing flask-like parts, as in certain aquatics such as [[Utricularia]].

''[[Analogous]]''. Related in function or use, but not in origin. See ''[[Homologous]]''.

''[[Anastomosing]]''. Netted; interveined; said of [[leaves]] marked by cross-veins forming a network.

''[[Anatropous]]''. Said of a straight [[ovule]] or seed that is inverted, with the [[micropyle]] next the [[hilum]] or scar.

''[[Ander]]''. Male; occurs in combinations as, ''[[monandraus]]'', having one [[stamen]].

''[[Andraeceum]]''. The male or [[stamen]]-bearing part of a flower; the stamens spoken of collectively. See ''[[Gynaecium]]''.

''[[Androphore]]''. The cylinder or column formed by [[monadelphous]] [[filament]]s, as in the [[mallow]] and [[bombax]] tribes.

''[[Angiosperms]]''. Plants that bear the seeds within a [[pericarp]], in distinction from the [[gymnosperm]]s which have naked [[ovule]]s and seeds; having a closed ovary.

''[[Annual]]''. Of one season's duration from [[seed]] to maturity and death.

''[[Anterior]]''. Front; on the front side; away from the axis; toward the subtending [[bract]].

''[[Anther]]''. The pollen-bearing part of the [[stamen]], borne at the top of the [[filament]] or sometimes [[sessile]].

''[[Antheriferous]]''. [[Anther]]-bearing.

''[[Anthesis]]''. [[Flower]]ing; strictly, the time of expansion of a flower, but often used to designate the flowering period; the act of flowering.

''[[Anthocarpous]]''. Said of a body combined of flowers and fruit united into a solid mass, as in the [[pineapple]] or the [[mulberry]].

''[[Anthodium]]''. Flower-head of the [[Composite]]; in common speech this flower-head is erroneously called a "flower."

''[[Antical]]''. Front, anterior.

''[[Apex]]''. The tip; the point furthest from the point of attachment.

''[[Apetalous]]''. No [[petal]]s; petals missing.

''[[Apical]]''. At the apex or top.

''[[Apocarpus]]''. [[Carpel]]s not united; see ''[[Syncarpous]]''.

''[[Appendage]]''. An attached subsidiary or secondary part, as a projecting part or a hanging part or supplement.

''[[Appressed]]''. Closely and flatly pressed against; adpressed.

''[[Arachnoid]]''. Cobwebby, by soft and slender entangled hairs; also spider-like.

''[[Areole]]'', areola. A small more or less angular space on a surface, as between network of veins.

''[[Aril]]''. An appendage or an outer covering of a seed, growing out from the [[hilum]] or [[funiculus]]; sometimes it appears as a pulpy covering.

''[[Arillate]]''. Provided with an aril.

''[[Arillode]]''. An [[aril]]-like structure, or false aril; a coating or covering of the seed arising from its own surface, and not from the [[funiculus]].

''[[Armed]]''. Provided with any kind of strong and sharp defense, as of [[thorn]]s, spines, prickles, barbs.

''[[Articulate]]''. Jointed; provided with nodes or joints, or places where separation may naturally take place.

''[[Ascending]]''. Rising up; produced somewhat obliquely or indirectly upward.

''[[Asexual]]''. Sexless; without sex.

''[[Auricle]]''. An ear-shaped part or appendage, as the projections at the base of some leaves and petals.

''[[Awl-shaped]]''. Narrow and sharp-pointed; gradually tapering from base to a slender or stiff point.

''[[Awn]]''. A bristle-like part or appendage.

''[[Axil]]''. Upper angle that a [[petiole]] or [[peduncle]] makes with the stem that bears it.

''[[Axile]]''. Borne in or on the [[axis]], or relating to it.

''[[Axillary]]''. In an [[axil]].

''[[Axis]]''. The main or central line of development of any plant or organ; the main stem.

==B==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Bacca]]''. A berry.

''[[Baccate]]''. Berry-like; pulpy or fleshy.

''[[Banded]]''. Marked with cross-bars or horizontal lines of color, or with very prominent ribs or other structure.

''[[Barb]]''. A short point or bristle; usually employed to designate points with reflexed or fishhook-like rarely ascending appendages.

''[[Barbulate]]''. With fine beards.

''[[Bark]]''. The word is often used in a general way to designate the softer outer envelope of a stem or root. In this sense, it includes all that peels readily, as the bark of the hemlock and oak, used for tanning leather. In a stricter sense, it is applied to the corky layers formed on the outer surface of woody plants. It is formed from an active layer of tissue,—the phellogen. The bark is developed in different ways on different trees. So distinct are the resulting tissues that species of trees may be readily recognized by their bark alone. Cork of commerce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of southwestern Europe. Inasmuch as the word covers so many structures, it is little used by botanists in technical descriptions.

''[[Bark-grafting]]''. A kind of grafting in which the [[cion]]s are inserted between the bark and wood of a stub; often, but erroneously, called crown-grafting.

''[[Base]]''. The bottom or lower end of a part or structure or organ, even though this part may be uppermost as the organ hangs on the plant.

''[[Basifixed]]''. Attached or fixed by the base, as an [[ovule]] that is affixed to its support by its bottom rather than by its side or by an angle.

''[[Basin]]''. The depression at the apex or blossom-end of an apple or other [[pome]] fruit.

''[[Basinerved]]''. All the ribs or nerves of a leaf or [[petal]] starting from its base.

''[[Bast]]''. The soft part of the fibro-vascular bundles in plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases in thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of basswood have been used in making cordage; also in making strong paper.

''[[Beak]]''. A long prominent and substantial point; applied particularly to prolongations of fruits and [[carpel]]s.

''[[Beard]]''. A long [[awn]] or bristle-like hair.

''[[Berry]]''. Pulpy, indehiscent, few- or many-seeded fruit; technically, the pulpy fruit resulting from a single [[pistil]], containing one or more seeds but no true [[stone]], as the tomato.

''[[Bi-]] or Bis-''. In Latin compounds, signifying ''two'' or ''twice''.

''[[Biauriculate]]'', biaurite. Having two ears.

''[[Bicallose]], bicallous''. Furnished with two [[callosities]], as the [[lip]] of some [[orchid]]s.

''[[Bicrural]]''. With two tails, legs, or slender elongations.

''[[Biennial]]''. Of two seasons' duration from seed to maturity and death.

''[[Bifarious]]''. Arranged in two rows.

''[[Bifid]]''. Two-cleft or two-cut.

''[[Bifoliolate]]''. With two [[leaflet]]s to a leaf.

''[[Biforate]]''. With two openings, pores or [[aperture]]s.

''[[Bigener]]''. Plant arising from a cross between two [[genera]].

''[[Bilabiate]]''. Two-[[lip]]ped, double-lipped.

''[[Bilamellate]]''. Bearing or consisting of two plates.

''[[Bilobed]]''. Two-lobed; parted into two lobes.

''[[Bilocular]]''. Two-celled; with two locules or compartments.

''[[Bipartite]]''. Divided into two parts; separated nearly to base.

''[[Bipinnate]]''. Twice-pinnate; when the primary divisions are [[pinnate]].

''[[Bipinnatifid]]''. Twice-pinnatifid; when [[pinnatifid]] primary parts are pinnately cut.

''[[Biplicate]]''. Bearing two plaits or folds.

''[[Biseptate]]''. Twice-divided; with two partitions.

''[[Biserial]]''. In two series or sets.

''[[Biserrate]]''. Doubly [[serrate]]; the serratures themselves serrate.

''[[Bisexual]]''. Two-sexed; with both stamens and pistils.

''[[Biternate]]''. Twice-ternate; when the divisions of a [[ternate]] leaf are divided into three.

''[[Bivalvular]]''. Two-[[valve]]d.

''[[Bivittate]]''. With two [[vittae]] or oil-tubes.

''[[Bladdery]]''. Inflated; empty, and the walls thin like the bladder of an animal.

''[[Blade]]''. The expanded part of leaf or petal.

''[[Blanching]]''. A whitening or decoloring of the usually green parts of plants, as in celery or endive when it is prepared for use.

''[[Bole]]''. The trunk of a tree, particularly of a large tree.

''[[Boss]]''. A prominent center or projection on a flat and more or less circular surface.

''[[Bottom-heat]]''. A term used to designate the condition that arises when the roots of plants, or the soil in which they grow, are exposed to a higher temperature than that of the air in which the aerial parts are growing.

''[[Brachiate]]''. Branches or parts spreading at nearly right- angles and placed alternately.

''[[Brachys]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''short'', as brachypodus, ''on a short foot'' or ''stalk''.

''[[Bract]]''. A much-reduced leaf, particularly the small or scale-like leaves in a flower-cluster or associated with the flowers.

''[[Bracteal]]''. Concerning or pertaining to [[bract]]s.

''[[Bracteole]]''. [[Bractlet]].

''[[Bractlet]]''. [[Bract]] born on a secondary [[axis]], as on the [[pedicel]] or even on a [[petiole]].

''[[Breaking]]''. Said when buds start to grow.

''[[Bristly]]''. Bearing stiff strong hairs or bristles.

''[[Bud]]''. An incipient or nascent [[shoot]]; the rudimentary or beginning state of a [[stem]]; particularly, in common speech, a thickened and condensed resting-stage of a shoot, or a flower or leaf before expanding; in [[propagating]], a single [[bud]] used on a [[cutting]] or [[cion]].

''[[Budding]]''. The operation of applying a single [[bud]] to the surface of the growing wood of the stock, with the intention that it shall grow. The bud is usually inserted underneath the [[bark]] of the [[cion]], and is held in place by a bandage. Budding is a part of the general process of [[graft]]ing. Called ''inoculation'' in old writings.

''[[Bulb]]''. A thickened part in a resting state and made up of [[scale]]s or [[plate]]s on a much shortened [[axis]].

''[[Bulbel]]''. A [[bulb]] arising from a mother-bulb.

''[[Bulbiferous]]''. [[Bulb]]-bearing.

''[[Bulblet]]''. Aerial [[bulb]]; a bulb borne above ground, as in the flower-cluster or a leaf-[[axil]].

''[[Bulbo-tuber]]''. [[Corm]].

''[[Bulbous]]''. [[Bulb]]-like; with the structure or the characteristics of a bulb.

''[[Bullate]]''. The surface blistered or puckered, as the leaf of a Savoy cabbage.

''[[Bursicle]]''. A little pouch-like or purse-like receptacle.

''[[Bush]]''. A low and thick shrub, without distinct trunk.

==C==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Caducous]]''. Falling off early, or prematurely, as the [[sepal]]s in some plants.

''[[Calcarate]]''. Spurred.

''[[Calcariform]]''. Spur-formed; shaped like a [[calcar]] or [[spur]].

''[[Calceolate]]''. Slipper-like; having the form of a rounding toed shoe.

''[[Callosity]]''. A thickened and hardened part or protuberance.

''[[Callus]]''. A hard prominence or protuberance; in a cutting or on a severed or injured part, the roll of new covering tissue.

''[[Calycine]]''. Pertaining to a [[calyx]], or calyx-like.

''[[Calyculate]]''. [[Calyx]]-like; bearing a part resembling a calyx; particularly, furnished with bracts against or underneath the calyx resembling a supplementary or outer calyx.

''[[Calyptra]]''. A hood or lid; particularly the hood or cap of the [[capsule]] of a [[moss]].

''[[Calyptriform]]''. Hood-formed; like a cap pulled over.

''[[Calyx]]''. The outer circle of floral envelopes.

''[[Cambium]]''. The growing or nascent tissue lying between the [[xylem]] and [[phloem]] of the fibro-vascular bundle, and therefore on the outside of the woody trunk between wood and [[bast]], or in trees and shrubs between wood and "bark." Its function is to increase the stem in diameter.

''[[Campanulate]]''. Bell-shaped.

''[[Campylotropous]]''. Said of an [[ovule]] or seed so curved or turned on itself as to bring the [[apex]] and [[base]] together.

''[[Canaliculate]]''. Grooved or channeled lengthwise.

''[[Canescent]]''. Gray-pubescent and hoary.

''[[Cap]]''. A convex removable covering of a part, as of a [[capsule]]; in the grape, the [[cohering]] [[petal]]s fall off as a cap.

''[[Capillary]]''. Hair-like; very slender.

''[[Capitate]]''. Headed; in heads; formed like a head; aggregated into a very dense or compact cluster.

''[[Capitulum]]''. Head; a close body of [[sessile]] [[flowers]].

''[[Capsular]]''. Pertaining to a [[capsule]]; formed like a capsule.

''[[Capsule]]''. Compound pod; a dry fruit of more than one [[carpel]], opening at maturity.

''[[Carinate]]''. Keeled; provided with a projecting central longitudinal line or ridge on the lower or under surface.

''[[Carpel]]''. One of the foliar units of a compound pistil; a simple pistil contains one carpel.

''[[Carpophore]]''. Fruit-stalk; stem bearing the [[carpel]]s; particularly, in the [[Umbelliferae]], the slender extended axis that supports the ripe seed-like carpels.

''[[Cartilaginous]]''. Hard and tough, like parchment.

''[[Caruncle]]''. On a seed, a protuberance or growth at or around the [[hilum]].

''[[Caryopsis]]''. An achene-like fruit, with the thin [[pericarp]] or covering grown fast to the seed; it is the characteristic fruit of the cereal grains and other grasses.

''[[Cataphyll]]''. An undeveloped [[leaf]], as at the beginning of a growth.

''[[Catkin]]''. A scaly-bracted spike with declinous flowers; ament; prominent in willows and poplars.

''[[Caudex]]''. Stem, trunk; used particularly to designate the persistent base of an herbaceous stem that is otherwise annual, and also for the stem of tree-ferns and palms.

''[[Caudicle]]''. Little [[stem]], stemlet; stalk of [[pollinium]] in orchids.

''[[Caulescent]]''. More or less stemmed or stem-bearing; having an evident stem above ground.

''[[Caulicle]]''. [[Stemlet]] of the embryo; [[radicle]].

''[[Cauline]]''. Pertaining or belonging to the [[stem]].

''[[Cavity]]''. The depression at the bottom or stem-end of an apple or similar fruit.

''[[Cell]]''. One of the ultimate compartments or vesicles of which plants are composed or made up; also, a cavity or compartment or locule of an ovary or anther.

''[[Cellular]]''. Tissue made up of short thin-walled cells, rather than of fibers or tubes.

''[[Centrifugal]]''. Away from the center.

''[[Centripetal]]''. Toward the center.

''[[Centrum]]''. The central part of any structure; particularly the large central air-space in hollow stems.

''[[Cephalanthium]]''. An old name for the [[flower]]-head of [[composite]]s; anthodium.

''[[Cephalium]]''. The head-like [[stem]]-end of condensed cacti, bearing the flowers and fruits.

''[[Cernuous]]''. Drooping; inclining somewhat from the perpendicular.

''[[Cespitose]]''. Matted; growing in tufts; in little dense clumps; said of low plants that make tufts or turf of their [[basal]] growths.

''[[Chaeta]]''. A bristle; seta.

''[[Chaff]]''. A small thin dry and membranous [[scale]] or [[bract]]; in particular, the bracts in the [[flower]]-heads of composites.

''[[Champain]]''. Expanse of flat, open countryside.

''[[Channeled]]''. Deeply grooved lengthwise; [[canaliculate]].

''[[Chartaceous]]''. Thin, hard and stiff; having the texture of writing-paper.

''[[Chrysos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''golden'' or ''golden yellow''.

''[[Ciliate]]''. Fringed with hairs; bearing hairs on the margin.

''[[Ciliolate]]''. Slightly or minutely [[ciliate]].

''[[Cinereous]]''. Ash-colored; light gray.

''[[Cinnamomeus]]''. Cinnamon-colored.

''[[Cion]]''. The [[bud]] or [[branch]] used in [[graft]]ing; also spelled ''[[scion]]''.

''[[Circinate]]''. Coiled downward or inward from the top, as the young [[frond]] of a [[fern]] and [[cycas]].

''[[Circumscissile]]''. Opening or dehiscing by a line around the [[fruit]] or [[anther]], the [[valve]] usually coming off as a lid.

''[[Cirrhiferous]]''. [[Tendril]]-bearing.

''[[Cirrhiform]]''. [[Tendril]]-form.

''[[Cirrhus]], cirrus''. A [[tendril]].

''[[Cladophyllum]]''. A flattened [[leaf]]-like [[branch]], functioning as [[foliage]], as in many [[acacia]]s and in [[asparagus]].

''[[Clados]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a ''branch''.

''[[Clasping]]''. [[Leaf]] partly or wholly surrounding [[stem]].

''[[Clavate]]''. Club-shaped; said of a long body thickened toward the top.

''[[Claw]]''. The long narrow [[petiole]]-like base of the [[petal]]s or [[sepal]]s in some flowers.

''[[Cleistogamous flowers]]''. Small closed self-fertilized [[flower]]s, as in some [[violet]]s and in many other plants.

''[[Close fertilization]]''. [[Fecundation]] by [[pollen]] from same [[flower]]; self-fertilization.

''[[Clove]]''. One of the separable parts of a composite [[bulb]], as of the [[garlic]].

''[[Clypeate]]''. With the form of an ancient buckler or round convex shield; shield-like.

''[[Coalescence]]''. The union of similar parts or organs, or of those in the same series as [[stamen]]s with stamens and [[petal]]s with petals.

''[[Coarctate]]''. Crowded together.

''[[Coccus]]''. A [[berry]] (plural cocci); in particular, one of the parts of a lobed fruit with one-seeded cells.

''[[Cochleariform]]''. Spoon-shaped.

''[[Coherent]]''. Two or more similar parts or organs joined.

''[[Cohesion]]''. The union of two or more organs of same kind.

''[[Collateral]]''. By the side; standing side by side.

''[[Column]]''. Body formed of union of [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]] in [[orchid]]s, or of stamens, as in [[mallow]]s.

''[[Commissure]]''. The place of joining or meeting; as the face by which one [[carpel]] joins another.

''[[Comose]]''. Bearing a tuft or tufts of hair.

''[[Complete flower]]''. All parts present.

''[[Complete leaf]]''. Having [[blade]], [[petiole]], [[stipules]].

''[[Complicate]]''. Folded over or back on itself.

''[[Compound]]''. Of two or more similar parts in one organ.

''[[Compound leaf]]''. A [[leaf]] with two or more separate [[leaflet]]s; in some cases (as in [[Citrus]]) some of the leaflets may be obsolete and the compound leaf have only one leaflet.

''[[Compound pistil]]''. Of two or more [[carpel]]s united.

''[[Compressed]]''. Flattened, especially flattened laterally.

''[[Conchiform]]''. Shell-form; like one valve of a bivalve shell.

''[[Conduplicate]]''. Two parts folded together lengthwise.

''[[Cone]]''. A dense and usually elongated collection of flowers or fruits borne beneath scales, the whole with [[scale]]s and [[axis]] forming a detachable homogeneous fruit-like body; some cones are of short duration, as the [[staminate]] cones of pines, and others become dry and woody durable parts .

''[[Confluent]]''. Running together so as to form a single part or organ; blended.

''[[Conformed]]''. Of the same form or character as something else or as a related part or structure.

''[[Congested]]''. Crowded very closely together; collected into a mass or body.

''[[Conglobate]]''. Gathered into a ball or globe.

''[[Conglomerate]]''. Clustered; brought together.

''[[Coniferous]]''. [[Cone]]-bearing.

''[[Connate]]''. United or joined; in particular, like or similar structures joined as one body or organ.

''[[Connective]]''. The filament or tissue connecting the two cells of an [[anther]], particularly when the cells are separated.

''[[Connivent]]''. Coming together or converging, but not organically connected.

''[[Conoidal]]''. [[Cone]]-like; nearly conical.

''[[Convolute]]''. Said of floral envelopes in the [[bud]] when one edge overlaps the next part or [[petal]] or [[sepal]] or [[lobe]] while the other edge or margin is overlapped by a preceding part; rolled up.

''[[Cordate]]''. Heart-shaped; with a [[sinus]] and rounded lobes at the base and [[ovate]] in general outline.

''[[Cork]]''. The name applied to the outer impervious mostly not-living part of the [[bark]]. Most bark, develops a corky exterior, and in some cases it becomes very prominent. In ''[[Enonymous thunbergianus]]'', the English maple, the [[corky barked elm]], and other [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, it forms wings on the branches. The cork of commerce comes from the bark of ''[[Quercus ilex]]'' (better known as ''Q. Suber''), plantations of which grow in southwestern Europe. The cork tree of the catalogues, ''[[Phellodendron amurense]]'', is a curious tree, cultivated for ornament.

''[[Corm]]''. A solid [[bulb]]-like part, usually subterranean, as the "bulb" of [[crocus]] and [[gladiolus]].

''[[Cormel]]''. A [[corm]] arising from a mother-corm.

''[[Cormlet]]''. Aerial [[corm]], or one borne in the [[inflorescence]] or in the [[leaf]] [[axil]]s.

''[[Cormous]]''. With [[corm]]s, or pertaining to corms.

''[[Corneous]]''. Horny; hard and very dense in texture.

''[[Corniculate]]''. Bearing or terminating in a small horn-like protuberance or process.

''[[Corolla]]''. Inner circle of floral envelopes; if the parts are separate, they are [[petal]]s; if not separate, they are [[teeth]], [[lobe]]s or [[division]]s..

''[[Corona]]''. Crown, coronet; any appendage or intrusion that stands between the [[corolla]] and [[stamen]]s, or on the [[corolla]], as the [[cup]] of a [[daffodil]], or that is the outgrowth of the [[staminal]] part or circle, as in the [[milkweed]]s.

''[[Coroniform]]''. [[Crown]]-formed or crown-like; [[corona]]-like.

''[[Corticate]]''. Having a [[cortex]] or hard [[bark]]; also having a [[rind]], as the [[lemon]] and [[orange]].

''[[Corymb]]''. Short and broad, more or less flat-topped [[indeterminate]] [[flower]]-cluster.

''[[Corymbose inflorescence]]''. Outer [[flower]]s opening first.

''[[Costa]]''. A rib; in particular a strong rib or line, as a midrib or mid-nerve.

''[[Costate]]''. Ribbed.

''[[Cotyledon]]''. [[Seed]]-[[leaf]]; the primary leaf or leaves in the embryo; in some plants the cotyledon always remains in the seed-coats and in others (as [[bean]]) it emerges on [[germination]].

''[[Crateriform]]''. Deep saucer-shaped; cup-shaped.

''[[Creeper]]''. A trailing [[shoot]] that takes [[root]] in the ground throughout its length.

''[[Crenate]]''. Shallowly round-toothed or obtusely toothed.

''[[Crenulate]]''. Finely or shallowly [[crenate]].

''[[Crested]]''. With elevated and irregular or toothed ridge.

''[[Cribrose]]''. Sieve-like; with numerous small apertures.

''[[Crop]]''. Produce of tilled, cared-for or protected plants.

''[[Croppage]]''. The whole subject of the producing of crops.

''[[Cross]]''. The offspring of any two flowers that have been fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the operation of cross-[[pollinating]]. Cross-pollination is the transfer of the pollen of one flower to the [[pistil]] of another.

''[[Cross-fertilization]]''. [[Fertilization]] or [[fecundation]] secured by [[pollen]] from another [[flower]].

''[[Cross-pollination]]''. Transfer of [[pollen]] from [[flower]] to flower.

''[[Crown]]''. [[Corona]]; also that part of the [[stem]] at the surface of the ground; also a part of a [[rhizome]] with a large [[bud]], suitable for use in [[propagation]].

''[[Cruciate]]''. Cross-shaped or cross-like.

''[[Crustaceous]]''. Said of bodies or coverings that are hard and brittle.

''[[Cryptogam]]''. [[Flower]]less plant, as [[fern]], [[moss]], [[fungus]], [[seaweed]]; less used than formerly as a technical term.

''[[Cryptos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying concealed.

''[[Culm]]''. The stem of [[sedge]]s and [[grass]]es, and similar plants.

''[[Cuneate]]''. Wedge-shaped; triangular, with the narrow end at point of attachment, as of [[leaves]] or [[petal]]s.

''[[Cupular]]''. Cup-like or cup-shaped; the [[acorn]] [[nut]] sits in a [[cupule]] or little cup (whence the name Cupuliferae).

''[[Cuticle]]''. The external [[rind]] or skin of a plant or part; usually applied to the thin waterproof membrane overlying the epidermis.

''[[Cutting]]''. A severed vegetative or asexual part of a plant used in [[propagation]]; as a cutting of [[root]], of [[stem]], or of [[leaf]].

''[[Cyathiform]]''. Cup-shaped.

''[[Cymbiform]]''. Boat-shaped.

''[[Cyme]]''. A broad, more or less flat-topped [[determinate]] [[flower]]-cluster.

''[[Cymose inflorescence]]''. With central [[flower]]s opening first.

''[[Cypsela]]''. An old term for the [[fruit]] of [[composite]]s, being dry, one-celled and one-seeded.

==D==
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''[[Deciduous]]''. Falling, as the leaves of non-[[evergreen]] trees. ie. Plants that lose their leaves during winter.

''[[Decompound]]''. More than once compound.

''[[Decumbent]]''. Reclining or lying on the ground, but with the end ascending.

''[[Decurrent]]''. Running down the stem, as the leaf of [[mullein]].

''[[Decussate]]''. Opposite leaves in four rows up and down the stem; alternating in pairs at right angles.

''[[Definite]]''. Said of a constant or known number, not exceeding twenty; contrasted with indefinite, above twenty, when the parts are usually not counted in systematic descriptions.

''[[Deflexed]]''. Turned downward abruptly.

''[[Defoliation]]''. The casting or falling of the leaves.

''[[Dehiscence]]''. The method or process of opening of a seed- pod or anther.

''[[Deliquescent]]''. Trunk or leader lost in the branches; said of tree-top without a leader.

''[[Deltoid]]''. Triangular; delta-like.

''[[Dendroid]]''. Said of tree-shaped small plants.

''[[Dendron]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a tree.

''[[Dentate]]''. With sharp spreading teeth.

''[[Depauperate]]''. Applied to a plant or part that is less perfectly developed than usual or normal; also said of very small members of a genus or family.

''[[Depressed]]''. More or less flattened endwise or from above.

''[[Descending]]''. The direction gradually downwards.

''[[Determinate]]''. Definite cessation of growth at the apex or in the main axis.

''[[Di-]]. Dis,-''. In Greek combinations, signifying two or twice as [[diphyllus]], two-leaved.

''[[Diadelphous]]''. In two groups, as the [[stamen]]s of some [[Leguminosae]], joined by their [[filament]]s.

''[[Diandrous]]''. With two [[stamen]]s.

''[[Diaphanous]]''. Transparent or translucent.

''[[Dicarpellous]]''. Comprised of two [[carpel]]s.

''[[Dichlamydeous]]''. Provided with both [[calyx]] and [[corolla]].

''[[Dichogamy]]''. [[Stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s maturing at different times.

''[[Diclinous]]''. Imperfect; having either [[stamen]]s or [[pistil]]s but not both; unisexual. See ''[[Monoclinous]]''.

''[[Dicoccous]]''. Separating into two [[cocci]].

''[[Dicotyledonous]]''. With two [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Didynamous]]''. With four [[stamen]]s in two pairs of different length.

''[[Diffuse]]''. Loosely branching or spreading; of open growth.

''[[Digitate]]''. Hand-like; compound with the members arising from one point.

''[[Dimerous]]''. The parts in twos.

''[[Dioecious]]''. [[Staminate]] and [[pistillate]] flowers on different plants. .

''[[Dipterous]]''. Two-winged.

''[[Dipyrenous]]''. Having two [[stones]] or [[pyrenes]].

''[[Disciform]]''. Flattish and circular like a discus.

''[[Discoid]]''. Disk-like; in particular, said of a head of [[Compositae]] without ray-flowers.

''[[Disk]], disc''. A more or less fleshy or elevated development of the receptacle about the [[pistil]]; receptacle in the head of [[Compositae]].

''[[Disk-flowers]]''. The tubular flowers in the center of heads of [[Compositae]], as distinguished from the ray-flowers.

''[[Dissected]]''. Divided into many slender segments.

''[[Dissepiment]]''. A partition, particularly in an ovary or fruit.

''[[Distinct]]''. Separate; not united with parts in the same series.

''[[Divided]]''. Separated to the base.

''[[Division]]''. [[Propagation]] by means of separating the [[root]] system or [[rhizome]] system into parts; cutting up the plant into several root-bearing parts or pieces, as when one [[rhubarb]] plant is made into two or more.

''[[Dorsal]]''. Back; relating to the back or outer surface of a part or organ.

''[[Dorsiferous]]''. Bearing anything on the back.

''[[Dorsifixed]]''. Attached by the back.

''[[Dorsoventral]]''. Literally, back-front; placed with reference to the back or front or to both.

''[[Double]]''. Said of flowers that have more than the usual number of floral envelopes, particularly of petals; full.

''[[Downy]]''. Covered with very short and weak soft hairs.

''[[Drupe]]''. A fleshy one-seeded [[indehiscent]] fruit, with seed enclosed in a stony [[endocarp]]; stone-fruit.

''[[Drupelet]]''. One [[drupe]] in a fruit made up of aggregate drupes, as in the raspberry.

''[[Dumose]]''. Low and branching, as a bush.

==E==
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''[[E-]] or Ex-''. In Latin-formed words, usually denoting, as a prefix, that parts are missing, as [[exstipulate]], without stipules, [[estriate]], without stripes.

''[[Ecalcarate]]''. Without [[calcar]] or [[spur]].

''[[Ecology]]''. Study of habits and modes of life of animals and plants and their relationships to one another.

''[[Ecostate]]''. Without ribs.

''[[Edentate]]''. Without teeth.

''[[Effuse]]''. Loosely spreading; very diffuse.

''[[Eglandulose]]''. Without glands.

''[[Elliptic]]''. A flat part or body that is oval and narrowed to rounded ends.

''[[Elongate]]''. Lengthened; stretched out.

''[[Embryo]]''. The [[plantlet]] in the seed.

''[[Endocarp]]''. The inner layer or part of a [[pericarp]].

''[[Endogen]]''. Term applied to stems having scattered bundles, as of [[Indian corn]], not appropriate, and now little used. See ''[[Exogen]]''.

''[[Endosperm]]''. Starch or other food outside or around the embryo; [[albumen]].

''[[Ensiform]], ensate''. Sword-shaped; long, flat, 2-edged, nearly or quite straight, with a sharp point.

''[[Entire]]''. Margin not in any way indented; whole.

''[[Environment]]''. Surroundings; conditions in which organisms live and grow.

''[[Ephemeral]]''. Persisting for one day only, as [[flower]]s of [[spiderwort]].

''[[Epi]]''. A Greek prefix signifying on or upon.

''[[Epicarp]]''. The outer layer or surface of the [[pericarp]].

''[[Epichile]]''. The upper part of the jointed lip of an [[orchid]].

''[[Epicotyl]]''. That part of the [[caulicle]] lying above the [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Epidermis]]''. Superficial layer of cells and underneath the cuticle.

''[[Epigeal]]''. [[Cotyledon]]s rising into the air in [[germination]].

''[[Epigeous]]''. Close upon the ground rather than underneath.

''[[Epigynous]]''. Borne on the ovary; used of floral parts when ovary is inferior and flower not [[perigynous]].

''[[Epipetalous]]''. On a [[petal]].

''[[Epiphyllous]]''. On a [[leaf]].

''[[Epiphyte]]'', Air-plant; a plant growing on another or on some other elevated support.

''[[Equitant]]''. Sitting astride; used for [[conduplicate]] leaves that stand inside each other in two ranks, as in [[Iris]].

''[[Erostrate]]''. Without a beak.

''[[Essential organs]]''. [[Stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s.

''[[Evergreen]]''. Remaining green throughout the year.

''[[Exalbuminous]]''. [[Seed]]s without [[albumen]] or [[endosperm]].

''[[Excentric]]''. Out of or away from the center.

''[[Excurrent]]''. The [[trunk]] or [[leader]] continuing through the top.

''[[Exfoliating]]''. Coming off in thin layers, as the [[bark]] of [[birch]] and other plants.

''[[Exocarp]]''. The outside part of a [[pericarp]].

''[[Exogen]], exogenous''. Growing and increasing in diameter by layers on the exterior of the woody cylinder, in distinction from [[endogen]]s.

''[[Exserted]]''. Sticking out; projecting beyond, as [[stamen]]s from a [[perianth]].

''[[Exsiccated]]''. Dry or dried.

''[[Exstipulate]]''. Without [[stipule]]s.

''[[Extrorse]]''. Looking or facing outward.

''[[Eye]]''. The marked center of a [[flower]]; a [[bud]] on a [[tuber]], as on a [[potato]]; a single-bud [[cutting]].

==F==
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''[[Facies]]''. The general appearance or "looks" of a plant; or the characteristic appearance of a plant society.

''[[Farinaceous]]''. Containing starch, or starch-like materials.

''[[Fasciated]]''. Much flattened; an abnormal or teratological widening and flattening of the stem.

''[[Fascicle]]''. A condensed or close cluster, as of flowers.

''[[Feminine]]''. Pistillate (in higher plants).

''[[Fertile]]''. Said of pollen-bearing stamens and seed-bearing fruits.

''[[Fertilization]]''. Impregnation of the [[ovule]]; the act of union of sperm and egg cells, in the higher plants taking place within the ovule: [[fecundation]].

''[[Fetid]]''. Having a disagreeable odor.

''[[Fibrillose]]''. With fine fibers or threads.

''[[Fibrous]]''. Fiber-like; containing fibers or thread-like parts.

''[[Fibro-vascular]]''. Made up of both fibers and ducts; combination of fibrous and vascular structure.

''[[Filament]]''. Stalk of the [[anther]].

''[[Filiform]]''., Thread-like; long and very slender.

''[[Fimbriate]]''. Fringed.

''[[Fimbrillate]]''. Minutely fringed.

''[[Fistular]]''. Cylindrical and hollow.

''[[Flaccid]]''. Soft; lax and weak; not rigid.

''[[Flagelliform]]''. Whip-form; long and slender like a lash.

''[[Flagging]]''. Wilting; said particularly of newly made cuttings and recently transplanted plants.

''[[Flexuous]]''. Having a more or less zigzag or wavy form; said of stems of various kinds.

''[[Floccose]]''. With tufts or flocks of soft wool or woolly hair.

''[[Flora]]''. The plant population of a given region; also a book describing this population.

''[[Florets]]''. Individual flowers of composites and grasses; also other very small flowers that make up a very dense form of inflorescence.

''[[Floriferous]]''. Flower-bearing.

''[[Foliaceous]]''. [[Leaf]]-like; said particularly of [[sepal]]s and [[calyx]]-lobes and of [[bract]]s that in texture, size or color look like small or large leaves.

''[[-foliate]]''. In combinations, -leaved; having [[leaves]]; as trifoliate, three-leaved.

''[[-foliolate]]''. Having [[leaflet]]s; as trifoliolate, of three leaflets.

''[[Follicle]]''. Dry, dehiscent [[pericarp]] opening only on the front suture.

''[[Follicular]]''. With follicles; follicle-like.

''[[Foramen]]''. An aperture or opening.

''[[Forked]]''. [[Branch]]ing or divided into nearly equal parts or members.

''[[Fornicate]]''. Arched.

''[[Free]]''. Not joined to other organs; as [[petal]]s free from the [[stamen]]s or [[calyx]].

''[[Frond]]''. [[Leaf]] of [[fern]]; sometimes used in the sense of [[foliage]].

''[[Frosted]]''. With a more or less shining or crystallized white covering.

''[[Fructification]]''. The act or process of [[fruit]]ing; also the fruiting organ or organs.

''[[Fruit]]''. The ripened [[pericarp]] or pericarps with the [[adnate]] parts; the seed-bearing organ.

''[[Fruticose]]''. [[Shrub]]by or shrub-like in the sense of being woody.

''[[Fugacious]]''. Falling or withering away very early.

''[[Fumose]]''. Smoke-colored.

''[[Function]]''. What a plant or a part does; its vital activities.

''[[Funicle]]''. The [[stalk]] or [[stipe]] of an [[ovule]] or [[seed]].

''[[Funnelform]]''. With tube gradually widening upward and passing insensibly into the limb, as in many flowers of [[Convolvulus]]; [[infundibuliform]].

''[[Furrowed]]''. With longitudinal channels or grooves.

''[[Fusiform]]''. Spindle-shaped; narrowed both ways from a swollen middle, as dahlia roots.

==G==
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''[[Galea]]''. A [[hood]] or a helmet-shaped part or structure, as found in the upper [[lip]] of some [[corolla]]s.

''[[Gamete]]''. One of the sex-cells, either male or female.

''[[Gamopetalous]]''. [[Corolla]] of one piece; [[petal]]s united.

''[[Gamophyllous]]''. [[Leaf|Leaves]] united.

''[[Gamosepalous]]''. [[Calyx]] of one piece; [[sepal]]s united.

''[[Geminate]]''. In pairs; twin.

''[[Gemma]]''. A [[bud]]; particularly a bud or bud-like structure by which a plant [[propagate]]s.

''[[Gemmiparous]]''. [[Bud]]-bearing.

''[[Gemmule]]''. A little [[bud]] or bud-like structure.

''[[Generation]]''. Period from birth (impregnation) to death; the epoch from one 1-celled stage of a plant to the next 1-celled stage.

''[[Germination]]''. The unfolding of the embryo and becoming self-established of the [[plantlet]].

''[[Gibbosity]]''. A swelling or bulging on one side or near the base.

''[[Glabrate]]''. Nearly [[glabrous]], or becoming glabrous with maturity or age.

''[[Glabrous]]''. Not hairy.

''[[Gladiate]]''. Sword-shaped or sword-like.

''[[Gland]]''. Properly a secreting part or prominence or appendage, but often used in the sense of gland-like.

''[[Glandular]]''. Having or bearing secreting organs, or [[gland]]s.

''[[Glandulose]], glanduliferous''. [[Gland]]-bearing.

''[[Glaucous]]''. Covered with a "bloom" or a whitish substance that rubs off.

''[[Glochidiate]]''. Said of parts with summit barbed.

''[[Glomerate]]''. In dense or compact cluster or clusters.

''[[Glomerule]]''. Dense head-like [[cluster]]s; properly a dense [[cyme]].

''[[Glume]]''. A small [[chaff]]-like bract; in particular, one of the two empty [[bract]]s at the base of the [[grass]] [[spikelet]].

''[[Graft]]''. A [[branch]] or [[bud]] inserted on another plant with the intention that it shall grow there; [[cion]].

''[[Grafting]]''. The process of inserting a [[cion]] [also spelled [scion]]in a plant with the intention that it shall grow there. See ''[[Budding]]''.

''[[Granular]], granulose''. Covered with very small grains; minutely or finely mealy.

''[[Gymnos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying naked or not covered: as [[gymnosperm]]s, with naked [[seed]]s (not in a [[pericarp]]). See ''[[Angiosperm]]''.

''[[Gynandrous]]''. With the [[stamen]]s grown on the [[pistil]], forming one organ, as in the [[orchid]]s.

''[[Gynobase]]''. [[Stipe]] or [[stalk]] of an [[ovary]], being an extension or prolongation of the receptacle; short [[gynophore]].

''[[Gynaecium]]''. The female or [[pistil]]-bearing part of the [[flower]]. See ''[[Andraecium]]''.

''[[Gynophore]]''. [[Stipe]] of an [[ovary]] prolonged within the [[calyx]].

==H==
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''[[Habit]]''. The looks, appearance, general style or mode of growth; as an upright, open, [[decumbent]] or strict habit.

''[[Habitat]]''. Particular place in which a plant grows; as a swamp, roadside, lawn, woods, ballast-heap, hillside.

''[[Hairs]]''. A general name for many kinds of small and slender outgrowths on the parts of plants; special kinds of hairiness are designated as [[setose]], [[villous]], [[comose]], [[pubescent]], [[hirsute]], and others.

''[[Halberd-shaped]]''. [[Hastate]].

''[[Hamate]]''. Hooked.

''[[Hastate]]''. Of the shape of an arrow-head but the [[basal]] [[lobe]]s pointed or narrow and standing nearly or quite at right angles; halberd-shaped.

''[[Haulm]]''. Straw-like stems, as of the cereal grains; sometimes also applied to the stems of palms; usually a collective noun.

''[[Head]]''. A short dense spike; [[capitulum]].

''[[Heart-shaped]]''. [[Cordate]]; [[ovate]] in general outline but with two rounded basal lobes; has reference particularly to the shape of the base of a [[leaf]] or other expanded part.

''[[Heel]]''. An enlarged or more or less transverse part on the lower end of a [[cutting]] secured from the older or larger [[branch]] from which the cutting is taken.

''[[Helicoid]]''. Twisted or coiled in [[snail]]-shell form.

''[[Heliotropism]]''. The characteristic of turning toward the light.

''[[Hemi-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying half.

''[[Hepta-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying seven.

''[[Herb]]''. Naturally dying to the ground; without persistent [[stem]] above ground; lacking definite [[woody]] firm structure.

''[[Herbaceous]]''. Not [[woody]]; dying down each year; said also of soft branches before they become woody.

''[[Hermaphrodite]]''. Bearing both [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]] in the same [[flower]]; two-sexed; [[bisexual]].

''[[Hesperidium]]''. The [[fruit]] of the orange-kind.

''[[Hetcrocarpous]]''. Various-[[fruit]]ed; with more than one kind or form of fruit.

''[[Heterogamous]]''. With two or more kinds or [[form]]s of [[flower]]s.

''[[Heteros]]''. In Greek composition, signifying various, or of more than one kind or form; as [[heterophyllous]], with more than one kind or form of [[leaf]].

''[[Hilum]]''. In the [[seed]], the scar or mark indicating the point of attachment.

''[[Hip]]''. Fruit of the [[rose]], being an urn-like or closed receptacle bearing the [[achenes]] inside. See ''[[Hypanthium]]''.

''[[Hirsute]]''. With rather rough or coarse hairs.

''[[Hirtellous]]''. Softly or minutely hirsute or hairy.

''[[Hispid]]''. Provided with stiff or bristly hairs.

''[[Hispidulous]]''. Somewhat or minutely hispid.

''[[Hoary]]''. Covered with a close white or whitish pubescence.

''[[Homo-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying alike or very similar.

''[[Homocarpous]]''. All the fruits, as of a flower-head, alike.

''[[Homogamous]]''. Presenting only one kind of flowers.

''[[Homologous]]''. Related in origin or morphology. See ''[[Analogous]]''.

''[[Homomorphous]]''. Uniform; all the given parts alike.

''[[Horny]]''. Hard and dense in texture; [[corneous]].

''[[Hybrid]]''. A plant resulting from a [[cross]] between two or more parents that are more or less unlike.

''[[Hygroscopic]]''. Capable of absorbing moisture from atmosphere.

''[[Hypanthium]]''. A [[fruit]]-like body (as the rose-hip) formed by the enlargement of the [[torus]] and bearing the proper fruits on its upper or inner surface; literally "beneath the [[flower]]." Now commonly used to denote the cup-shaped receptacle on which [[calyx]], [[petal]]s and [[stamen]]s are inserted in cases of [[perigyny]], as in [[plum]], [[fuchsia]].

''[[Hypochil]]''. The lower or [[basal]] part of the [[lip]] in [[orchid]]s.

''[[Hypocotyl]]''. That part of the [[caulicle]] lying below the [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Hypocrateriform]]''. Salver-form; that shape of the [[flower]] characterized by a cylindrical tube and a flat-spreading limb, as in [[phlox]].

''[[Hypogeal]]''. [[Cotyledon]]s remaining beneath the ground in [[germination]].

''[[Hypogynous]]''. Borne on the [[torus]], or under the [[ovary]]; said of the [[stamen]]s or [[petal]]s.

==I==
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''[[Immarginate]]''. Without a rim or edge.

''[[Immersed]]''. Entirely under water.

''[[Imparipinnate]]''. Unequally [[pinnate]]; odd-pinnate; with a single terminal [[leaflet]].

''[[Imperfect flower]]''. Having either [[stamen]]s or [[pistil]]s, but not both.

''[[Implexed]], implexuous''. Entangled, interlaced.

''[[Impregnation]]''. [[Fecundation]] or [[fertilization]] of the [[ovule]] by the [[pollen]]; also, the infiltration of substances.

''[[Impressed]]''. Deeply nerved; furrowed or grooved as if by pressure.

''[[Inarching]]''. The [[grafting]] together of two plants with the intention that, when they are severed, part of one plant will be growing on the other.

''[[Incanescent]]''. [[Hoary]]- or gray-[[pubescent]]; [[canescent]].

''[[Incised]]''. Cut; slashed irregularly, more or less deeply and sharply.

''[[Inclining]]''. Looking or falling down from the horizontal.

''[[Included]]''. Not protruded, as [[stamen]]s not projecting from the [[corolla]].

''[[Incomplete]]''. Lacking some of its parts, as a [[flower]] deficient in [[stamen]]s or [[calyx]].

''[[Incrustate]]''. Crusted; with a hard or firm covering.

''[[Incumbent]] ([[cotyledon]]s)''. Of a [[seed]] so bent over that the back of one cotyledon lies against the [[radicle]].

''[[Indefinite]]''. Very numerous, as above twenty; see ''[[Definite]]''.

''[[Indehiscent]]''. Not regularly opening, as a [[seed]]-[[pod]] or [[anther]].

''[[Indeterminate]]''. Growing on from the apex, particularly of the main axis.

''[[Indigenous]]''. [[Native]] to the region; not [[introduced]] from some other country.

''[[Indumentum]]''. A covering of [[hair]].

''[[Induplicate]]''. With margins folded inward.

''[[Indurated]]''. Hard, hardened.

''[[Indusium]]''. The little growth covering or surrounding the [[sorus]] or fruit-dot in [[fern]]s.

''[[Inferior]]''. Beneath, lower, below; as an inferior ovary, one that is below the [[calyx]]-leaves.

''[[Inflated]]''. Blown up; bladdery.

''[[Inflorescence]]''. Mode of [[flower]]-bearing; technically less correct but much more common in the sense of a flower-cluster.

''[[Infra-]]'' In combinations, signifying below.

''[[Infundibuliform]]''. [[Funnelform]].

''[[Innate]]''. Said of an [[anther]] when attached by its base to the [[filament]].

''[[Innovation]]''. An [[offshoot]] or departure from the [[axis]].

''[[Inserted]]''. Attached; as a [[stamen]] growing on the [[corolla]].

''[[Inter-]]''. In composition, signifying between, particularly between closely related parts or organs.

''[[Interfoliaceous]]''. Between the [[leaves]], particularly between two leaves of a pair.

''[[Internode]]''. The part or space of [[stem]] between two [[node]]s or joints.

''[[Interrupted]]''. Not continuous; in particular, the interposition of small [[leaflet]]s or [[segment]]s between others.

''[[Intorted]]''. Twisted upon or around itself.

''[[Intramarginal]]''. Just within the margin or edge; between the margins.

''[[Introduced]]''. Brought from another region, either intentionally or otherwise; in [[horticulture]], used to designate the intentional bringing of plants into [[cultivation]] either from another country or from the wild.

''[[Introrse]]''. Turned or faced inward or toward the [[axis]], as an anther looking toward the center of the flower.

''[[Inverted]]''. Turned over; end-for-end; top-side down.

''[[Involucel]]''. A secondary [[involucre]]; small involucre about the parts of a [[cluster]].

''[[Involucre]]''. A whorl of small [[leaves]] or [[bract]]s standing close underneath a [[flower]] or flower-[[cluster]].

''[[Involute]]''. Said of a flat body (as a [[leaf]]) rolled inward or toward the upper side. See ''[[Revolute]]''.

''[[Irregular flower]]''. Some parts different from other parts in same series.

==J==
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''[[Jointed]]''. With [[node]]s, or points of real or apparent articulation.

==K==
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''[[Keeled]]''. Ridged like the bottom of a boat; also the two front united [[petal]]s of a papilionaceous [[flower]].

''[[Knaur]]''. An excrescence, bur or knot of woody tissue that will grow when removed and used as a [[cutting]].

==L==
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''[[Labellum]]''. [[Lip]], particularly the lip of [[orchid]]s.

''[[Labiate]]''. [[Lip]]ped; a member of the [[Labiatae]].

''[[Labyrinthiform]]''. With intricate winding lines or passages.

''[[Lacerate]]''. Torn; irregularly cleft or cut.

''[[Laciniate]]''. Slashed into narrow pointed lobes.

''[[Lactescent]]''. Containing [[milk]] or a milk-like substance.

''[[Lacunose]]''. Having holes or empty places, particularly in the anatomical structure.

''[[Lamella]]''. A thin flat plate or part.

''[[Lamina]]''. The [[blade]] of a [[leaf]] or [[petal]] or other expanded part or body.

''[[Lanceolate]]''. Lance-shaped; much longer than broad; widening above the base and tapering to the apex.

''[[Lapidose]]''. Found in stony places.

''[[Lateral]]''. On or at the side.

''[[Layer]]''. A [[branch]] that takes [[root]] and gives rise to an independent plant.

''[[Leaflet]]''. One part of a compound [[leaf]]; secondary leaf.

''[[Leaf-stalk]]''. The [[stem]] of a [[leaf]]; [[petiole]]; foot-[[stalk]].

''[[Legume]]''. Simple [[pericarp]] [[dehiscing]] on both sutures; [[pod]].

''[[Lemma]]''. In [[grass]]es, the [[flower]]ing [[glume]],—the lower of the two bracts immediately inclosing the flower.

''[[Lenticular]]''. [[Lentil]]-shaped; lens-shaped.

''[[Lepals]]''. Sterile [[stamen]]s, particularly those [[nectaries]] or scales representing [[stamen]]s; term little used.

''[[Lepidote]]''. Surfaced with small scurfy scales.

''[[Liana]], liane''. A [[woody]] [[twining]] or [[climbing]] plant entangling a [[tropical]] [[forest]].

''[[Life-history]]''. The sum of the events in the life of a plant.

''[[Ligneous]]''. [[Woody]].

''[[Ligule]]''. A strap-shaped organ or body; particularly, a strap-shaped [[corolla]], as in the ray-[[flower]]s of composites; also a projection from the top of the [[sheath]] in [[grass]]es and similar plants.

''[[Limb]]''. The expanded flat part of an organ; in particular, the expanding part of a gamopetalous [[corolla]].

''[[Limbate]]''. Surrounded by an edging of another color; margined with color; also, provided with a [[limb]].

''[[Line]]''. One-twelfth of an inch.

''[[Linear]]''. Long and narrow, the sides parallel or nearly so.

''[[Lineate]]''. Lined; bearing thin parallel lines.

''[[Linguiform]]''. Shaped like a lingula, or with a projecting tongue-like part or process.

''[[Lip]]''. One of the parts in an unequally divided [[corolla]] or [[calyx]]; these parts are usually two, the upper [[lip]] and the lower lip, although one lip is sometimes wanting; the upper lip of [[orchid]]s is by a twist of the stipe made to appear as the lower; a labium.

''[[Lobe]]''. Any part or segment of an organ; specifically a part of [[petal]] or [[calyx]] or [[leaf]] that represents a division to about the middle.

''[[Lobule]]''. A small [[lobe]].

''[[Locule]]''. Compartment or cell of a [[pistil]] or [[anther]].

''[[Loculicidal]]''. [[Dehiscence]] between the partitions into the cavity.

''[[Lodicule]]''. A small scale in a [[grass]] [[flower]], between the [[lemma]] and [[stamen]]s.

''[[Loment]]''. A [[legume]] with constrictions or articulations.

''[[Lorate]]''. Strap-shaped.

''[[Lyrate]]''. Pinnatifid but with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes.

==M==
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''[[Medullary]]''. Relating to the [[pith]]; the medullary rays seen in cross-sections of [[wood]]y [[trunk]]s radiate from the medulla or pith.

''[[Meniscoidal]]''. Like a [[meniscus]] or [[disk]]; with the [[form]] of a watch-crystal.

''[[Mericarp]]''. The peculiar [[seed]]-like [[fruit]] of the [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[-merous]]''. In composition, referring to the numbers of parts; as [[flower]]s 5-merous, in which the parts of each kind or series are five or in fives.

''[[Mesocarp]]''. Middle layer or part of a [[pericarp]]; the part between the [[endocarp]] and [[exocarp]].

''[[Mesochil]]''. The intermediate or middle part of the [[lip]] of [[orchid]]s when the lip is separated into three parts.

''[[Micropyle]]''. The opening through which impregnation takes place; the point on the [[seed]] marking the [[orifice]] of the [[ovule]].

''[[Midrib]]''. The main rib of a [[leaf]] or leaf-like part.

''[[Mitriform]]''. Mitre-shaped, or like a [[cap]].

''[[Monadelphous]]''. [[Stamen]]s united in one group by their [[filament]]s as in many [[Leguminosae]].

''[[Moniliform]]''. Suggesting a string of beads.

''[[Mono-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''one''.

''[[Monoclinous]]''. [[Hermaphrodite]]; perfect; the two sexes in the same [[flower]]. See ''[[Diclinous]]''.

''[[Monocotyledonous]]''. With a single [[cotyledon]].

''[[Monoecious]]''. [[Staminate]] and [[pistillate]] [[flower]]s on same plant.

''[[Monogynous]]''. With only one style.

''[[Monopetalous]]''. One-[[petal]]ed; all the petals united to form one body or organ, as a [[gamopetalous]] [[corolla]].

''[[Monopodiol]]''. [[Axial]] direction continued by growth from [[terminal]] [[bud]] or [[persistence]] of the [[leader]].

''[[Monostichous]]''. In one row.

''[[Monstrosity]]''. Deformity; any unusual or non-typical kind of development.

''[[Morphology]]''. The science or subject that treats of forms or of the transformations of organs.

''[[Mucose]]''. With a slimy covering or secretion.

''[[Mucro]]''. A short and sharp abrupt tip.

''[[Mule]]''. An old word for a [[cross]], particularly between different [[species]]; [[hybrid]]; [[cross-breed]].

''[[Multifid]]''. Cut or cleft into many narrow [[lobe]]s or parts.

''[[Multiple]]''. Of several or many distinct parts.

''[[Multiple fruit]]''. The united product (in one body) of several or many [[flower]]s.

''[[Multiseptate]]''. With many divisions or chambers, as some [[nut]]s.

''[[Muscariform]]''. In form of a brush or fly-brush.

''[[Mycelium]]''. Vegetative part of a [[fungus]], composed of threads or thready tissue.

==N==
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''[[Naked flower]]''. With no [[floral]] envelopes; without [[calyx]] and [[corolla]].

''[[Napiform]]''. Turnip-shaped; more or less short-[[fusiform]]; broader than high and abruptly tapering both ways.

''[[Navicular]]''. Boat-shaped; [[cymbiform]].

''[[Nectariferous]]''. [[Nectar]]-bearing.

''[[Nectary]]''. A structure or [[organ]] that [[secrete]]s [[nectar]].

''[[Nephroid]]''. Kidney-shaped; [[reniform]].

''[[Nerve]]''. A vein or slender rib, particularly if not [[branch]]ed.

''[[Netted]]''. Marked with [[reticulated]] lines or nerves that project somewhat above the surface.

''[[Neuter]], neutral''. Neither [[stamen]]s nor [[pistil]]s; sexless.

''[[Nidulate]]''. Nested; as if like or borne in a nidus or nest.

''[[Node]]''. A joint where a [[leaf]] is borne or may be borne; also incorrectly the space between two [[joint]]s, which is properly an [[internode]].

''[[Nucleus]]''. The [[kernel]] of a [[seed]]; the central denser structure of a cell.

''[[Nucule]]''. A small [[nutlet]]; any hard [[seed]]-like [[fruit]] or part.

''[[Nut]]''. An [[indehiscent]] 1-celled and 1-[[seed]]ed hard and bony [[fruit]], even if resulting from a compound ovary.

''[[Nutlet]]''. A small or diminutive [[nut]]; [[nucule]].

==O==
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''[[Ob-]]''. A Latin syllable, usually signifying inversion.

''[[Obconical]]''. Inversely conical; cone attached at the small point.

''[[Oblanceolate]]''. Inversely [[lanceolate]]; with the broadest part of a lanceolate body away from the point of attachment.

''[[Oblique]]''. Slanting; unequal-sided.

''[[Oblong]]''. Longer than broad, and with the sides nearly or quite parallel most of their length.

''[[Obovate]]''. Inverted [[ovate]].

''[[Obovoid]]''. An ovoid body attached at the smaller end.

''[[Obsolescent]]''. Nearly obsolete; becoming rudimentary.

''[[Obsolete]]''. Not evident or apparent; rudimentary.

''[[Obtuse]]''. Blunt, rounded.

''[[Ocellated]]''. Eyed; a circular spot of one color inside a larger spot or area of another color.

''[[Ochraceous]]''. Ochre-yellow, gradually changing to brown.

''[[Ocrea]]''. A boot-shaped or tubular stipule, as in [[Polygonum]].

''[[Oculus]]''. An [[eye]]; a [[leaf]]-[[bud]] when used as a [[cutting]].

''[[Offset]]''. A plant arising close to the base of mother plant.

''[[Oleaginous]]''. Fleshy and oily.

''[[Oligos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying few.

''[[Opaque]]''. Dull; not translucent or shining.

''[[Operculum]]''. A lid, as of a circumscissile capsule.

''[[Orthos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''straight''.

''[[Orthotropous]]'' ([[ovule]] or seed). An erect straight [[seed]], with the [[micropyle]] at the apex and [[hilum]] at the base.

''[[Osseous]]''. Bony, hard, brittle; of very close texture.

''[[Ovary]]''. [[Ovule]]-bearing part of a [[pistil]].

''[[Ovate]]''. With an outline like that of hen's egg cut in two lengthwise, the broader end downward.

''[[Ovoid]]''. A solid that is oval in outline.

''[[Ovule]]''. The body which, after [[fertilization]], becomes the [[seed]].

''[[Ovuliferous]]''. [[Ovule]]-bearing.

==P==
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''[[Painted]]''. Said of colors that are in streaks of unequal brilliancy.

''[[Palate]]''. In personate corollas, a rounded projection or prominence of the lower [[lip]], closing the throat or very nearly so.

''[[Palea]], palet''. In the [[grass]] [[flower]], the upper of the two inclosing bracts, the lower one being the [[lemma]].

''[[Palmate]]''. Lobed or divided in a [[palm]]-like or hand-like fashion.

''[[Palmatifid]]''. Cut about half way down in a [[palmate]] form.

''[[Panicle]]''. A branching [[raceme]]; [[flower]]-[[cluster]] in which the [[branch]]es are [[racemose]], the flowers being [[pedicellate]].

''[[Papilionaceous corolla]]''. Butterfly-like; pea-like [[flower]], with a standard, wings, and keel.

''[[Pappiform]]''. [[Pappus]]-like.

''[[Pappus]]''. Peculiar [[calyx]]-limb of composites, being [[plumose]], bristle-like, scales, or otherwise.

''[[Parasitic]]''. Growing and living on or in another organism.

''[[Parietal]]''. Borne on the paries or wall (inner surface) of a capsule.

''[[Parted]]''. Cleft or cut not quite to the base.

''[[Parthenogenetic]]''. [[Seed]] developing without [[fertilization]] or [[fecundation]].

''[[Partial]]''. Of secondary importance or rank.

''[[Partite]]''. Divided very nearly to the base.

''[[Partitioned]]''. Divided in compartments or chambers by internal horizontal partitions.

''[[Pathological]]''. [[Disease]]d.

''[[Pedicel]]''. [[Stem]] of one [[flower]] in a [[cluster]].

''[[Peduncle]]''. [[Stem]] of a flower-cluster or of a solitary flower.

''[[Pellucid]]''. Clear, transparent; that can nearly be seen through.

''[[Peltate]]''. Attached to its [[stalk]] inside the margin; peltate [[leaves]] are usually shield-shaped.

''[[Penninerved]]''. Nerves arising along the length of a central midrib.

''[[Pentamerous]]''. In fives.

''[[Pepo]]''. Fruit of [[pumpkin]], [[squash]], and the like.

''[[Perennial]]''. Of three or more season cycles' duration.

''[[Perfect flower]]''. One that has both [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]].

''[[Perfoliate]]''. The [[stem]] apparently passing through the part, as a [[leaf]]; united around the stem.

''[[Pergameneous]], pergamentaceous''. Texture of parchment.

''[[Peri-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying around.

''[[Perianth]]''. The floral envelope considered together; commonly used for [[flower]]s in which there is usually no clear distinction between [[calyx]] and [[corolla]], as the [[lilies]].

''[[Pericarp]]''. The ripened [[ovary]].

''[[Perigynium]]''. The sac or [[utricle]] that incloses the [[ovary]] or [[achene]] in [[Carex]]; it is sometimes inflated.

''[[Perigynous]]''. Borne around the [[ovary]] and not beneath it, as when [[calyx]], [[corolla]] and [[stamen]]s are borne on the edge of a cup-shaped [[hypanthium]]; such cases are said to exhibit perigyny.

''[[Persistent]]''. Remaining attached; not falling off.

''[[Personate]]''. Said of a two-[[lip]]ped [[corolla]] the throat of which is closed by a palate, as in toad-flax.

''[[Petal]]''. One of the separate leaves of a [[corolla]].

''[[Petaloid]]''. [[Petal]]-like; of color and shape resembling a petal.

''[[Petiole]]''. [[Leaf]]-[[stalk]].

''[[Petiolule]]''. [[Stalk]] of a [[leaflet]].

''[[Phalanges]]'' (plural of ''phalanx''). The groups or bundles of [[stamen]]s in [[diadelphous]] or [[polyadelphous]] [[flower]]s.

''[[Phenogam]], phenogamous''. [[Flower]]ing plants; [[seed]]-bearing plants (as distinguished from spore-bearing, or cryptogams).

''[[Phyllodium]]''. [[Leaf]]-like [[petiole]] and no blade, as in some [[acacia]]s and other plants.

''[[Phyllotaxy]]''. Order of arrangement of [[leaves]] on the stem.

''[[Phytology]]''. The study of plants, particularly of the kinds or [[species]]; [[botany]].

''[[Pileate]], pileiform''. With the form of a pileus or rimless cap; in particular, pertaining to the cap of a [[mushroom]].

''[[Pinna]]''. A primary division or [[leaflet]] of a [[pinnate]] [[leaf]].

''[[Pinnate]]''. Feather-formed; with the [[leaflet]]s of a compound [[leaf]] placed on either side of the [[rachis]].

''[[Pinnatifid]]''. Cleft or parted in a [[pinnate]] (rather than [[palmate]]) way.

''[[Pinnatipartite]]''. Pinnately-parted.

''[[Pinnatisect]]''. Cut down to the midrib in a pinnate way.

''[[Pinnule]]''. A secondary [[pinna]] or [[leaflet]] in a [[pinnate]]ly decompound [[leaf]].

''[[Pip]]''. A perpendicular or upright small [[rootstock]] used in [[propagation]], as of [[lily-of-the-valley]].

''[[Pisiform]]''. [[Pea]]-shaped; pea-like.

''[[Pistil]]''. The [[ovule]]-bearing and [[seed]]-bearing organ.

''[[Pistillate]]''. Having [[pistil]]s and no [[stamen]]s; female.

''[[Pitted]]''. Having little depressions or cavities.

''[[Placenta]]''. Part or place in the [[ovary]] where [[ovule]]s are attached.

''[[Plaited]]''. Folded lengthwise, as a closed fan.

''[[Plane]]''. Evenly flat, rather than wrinkled, folded, grooved or otherwise.

''[[Platys]]''. In Greek combinations, signifying broad or wide.

''[[Plumose]]''. Plumy; feather-like; with fine hairs, as the [[pappus]] of some composites.

''[[Plumule]]''. The bud in the [[embryo]].

''[[Plur-annual]]''. Of one season's duration only because killed by frost.

''[[Pod]]''. A [[dehiscent]] dry [[pericarp]].

''[[Pollen]]''. [[Spore]]s or grains borne by the [[anther]], containing the male element; sometimes it is not granular.

''[[Pollination]]''. The mechanical or physical operation of transferring [[pollen]] from [[stamen]] to [[pistil]].

''[[Polliniferous]]''. Bearing-[[pollen]].

''[[Pollinium]]''. A coherent mass of [[pollen]], as in [[orchid]]s and [[milkweed]]s.

''[[Poly-]]''. In Greek combinations, signifying numerous or many.

''[[Polyadelphous]]''. The [[stamen]]s in many bundles or fascicles.

''[[Polygamous]]''. Bearing [[imperfect]] and [[hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s on the same plant.

''[[Polymerous]]''. Of many parts or series.

''[[Pome]]''. Fruit of [[apple]], [[pear]], [[quince]], etc.

''[[Porose]]''. With small holes, pores or perforations.

''[[Posterior]]''. At or toward the back; opposite the front; toward the axis; away from the subtending bract.

''[[Praefoliation]]''. Arrangement of [[leaves]] in the [[bud]]; vernation.

''[[Praemorse]]''. Jagged; as if bitten off.

''[[Prickle]]''. A small and weak spine-like body borne irregularly on the [[bark]] or epidermis.

''[[Prismatic]]''. Prism-shaped; with plane sides separated by angles, body of nearly uniform size throughout, and with similar end-sections.

''[[Process]]''. An extension of any surface or part beyond the main outline.

''[[Procumbent]]''. Trailing or lying flat, but not [[root]]ing.

''[[Proliferous]]''. Bearing offshoots or redundant parts; bearing other similar structures on itself.

''[[Proterandrous]]''. [[Anther]]s maturing before [[pistil]]s.

''[[Proterogynous]]''. [[Pistil]]s maturing before [[anther]]s.

''[[Pseud-annual]]''. [[Perennial]] by means of [[bulb]]s, [[corm]]s, or [[tuber]]s.

''[[Pseudo-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying spurious or false.

''[[Pseudobulb]]''. The thickened or [[bulb]]-form stems of certain [[orchid]]s, the part being solid and borne above ground.

''[[Puberulent]]''. Somewhat or minutely pubescent.

''[[Pubescent]]''. Covered with short, soft hairs; downy.

''[[Pulverulent]]''. Powdered or dusty.

''[[Pulvinate]]''. Cushioned; with a cushion-like enlargement or structure, as at the [[base]] of some [[petiole]]s or [[leaflet]]s.

''[[Punctate]]''. With translucent or colored dots or depressions or pits.

''[[Pungent]]''. Ending in a stiff sharp point or tip; also acrid (to the taste).

''[[Putamen]]''. The hard or bony shell of a [[nut]] or of a stone-[[fruit]].

''[[Pyrene]], pyrena''. [[Nutlet]], particularly the nutlet in a [[drupe]].

''[[Pyriform]]''. [[Pear]]-formed or -shaped.

''[[Pyxis]]''. [[Pod]] opening or dehiscing by a transverse ring.

==Q==
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''[[Quadrangular]]''. Four-angled.

''[[Quaternate]]''. In fours.

''[[Quincunx]]''. Five plants in a square, one of them being in the center.

''[[Quintupled]]''. Five times; multiplied by five.

==R==
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''[[Raceme]]''. A simple elongated [[indeterminate]] [[cluster]] with [[stalk]]ed [[flower]]s.

''[[Rachilla]], rhachilla''. A diminutive or secondary [[axis]], or [[rachis]]; in particular, in the [[grass]]es and [[sedge]]s the [[axis]] that bears the [[floret]]s.

''[[Rachis]]''. [[Axis]] bearing [[flower]]s or [[leaflet]]s; [[petiole]] of a [[fern]] [[frond]] (plural ''rachides'' or ''rachises'').

''[[Radiate]]''. Standing on and spreading from a common center; also, with ray-[[flower]]s, as in the [[Compositae]].

''[[Radical]]''. Belonging or pertaining to the [[root]].

''[[Radicle]]''. The [[inferior]] or downward part of the [[embryo]] below the [[cotyledon]]s; [[caudicle]].

''[[Radix]]''. [[Root]].

''[[Rameal]]''. Pertaining to a [[branch]] or branches.

''[[Ramenia]]''. Chaffy loose scales borne on [[leaves]] and [[stem]]s, as on the stems of [[fern]]s.

''[[Ramification]]''. The mode or style of [[branch]]ing of a plant.

''[[Raphe]], rhaphe''. The cord or ridge of fibro-vascular tissue connecting the [[hilum]] and [[chaluza]] on a [[seed]] (when the hilum and chalaza are separated).

''[[Ray]]''. Outer modified [[floret]]s of some [[composite]]s, with an extended or strap-like part to the [[corolla]]; also the branches of an [[umbel]] or umbel-like [[cluster]].

''[[Receptacle]]''. [[Torus]]; the more or less enlarged or elongated end of the [[stem]] or [[flower]]-[[axis]] on which some or all of the flower-parts are borne; sometimes the receptacle is greatly expanded, as in the [[CompositAe]]; sometimes it assumes capsule-like forms, as in the [[hypanthium]] of the [[rose]].

''[[Reclinate]], reclining''. Bent down or falling back from the perpendicular.

''[[Recondite]]''. Concealed; difficult to make out; not easily recognized.

''[[Recurved]]''. Bent or curved downward or backward.

''[[Reflexed]]''. Abruptly recurved or bent downward or backward.

''[[Regular flower]]''. With the parts in each series or set alike; as [[stamen]]s all like each other, [[petal]]s all like each other.

''[[Reinforced fruit]]''. With other parts grown to the [[pericarp]].

''[[Remote]]''. Separated by spaces longer than common.

''[[Reniform]]''. Kidney-shaped.

''[[Repent]]''. Creeping; [[root]]ing at the [[joint]]s.

''[[Resupinate]]''. Upside down; turned over.

''[[Retrorse]]''. Bent or turned over back or downward.

''[[Revolute]]''. Rolled backward, margin rolled toward lower side. See ''[[Involute]]''.

''[[Rhachis]]''. See ''[[Rachis]]''.

''[[Rhaphe]]''. See ''[[Raphe]]''.

''[[Rhizome]]''. Underground [[stem]]; [[rootstock]].

''[[Rhizos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying [[root]].

''[[Rib]]''. In a [[leaf]] or similar organ, the primary vein; also any prominent vein or nerve.

''[[Rimose]]''. With cracks or chinks.

''[[Ringent]]''. Gaping; said of [[labiate]] [[flower]]s with an open throat or mouth.

''[[Rootstock]]''. Subterranean [[stem]]; [[rhizome]].

''[[Rostellum]]''. A little beak; particularly a projection above the [[stigma]] in the [[orchid]] [[flower]].

''[[Rosula]]''. A [[rosette]], or dense more or less flat [[imbricated]] [[cluster]] of [[leaves]].

''[[Rosulate]]''. In a [[rosula]] or [[rosette]].

''[[Rotate]]''. Wheel-shaped; with short or obsolete tube and a flat and circular limb.

''[[Rotund]]''. Nearly circular; orbicular, inclining to be oblong.

''[[Rudimentary]]''. Incomplete; very little developed.

''[[Ruminated]]''. Chewed; particularly applied to wrinkled [[albumen]] in [[seed]]s that are irregularly channeled or pierced, as in [[nutmeg]] and in [[annona]] [[fruit]]s.

''[[Runcinate]]''. Said of sharply lobed or cut [[leaves]] that have the segments directed backward.

''[[Runner]]''. A slender trailing [[shoot]] taking [[root]] at the [[node]]s.

==S==
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''[[Sabulose]]''. Growing in or pertaining to sandy places.

''[[Saggitate]]''. Like an arrowhead in [[form]]; triangular with the [[basal]] [[lobe]]s pointing downward.

''[[Salver-shaped]]''. With a slender tube and an abruptly expanded flat limb, as that of the [[phlox]]; [[hypocrateriform]].

''[[Samara]]''. [[Indehiscent]] winged [[pericarp]], as of the [[maple]].

''[[Sap]]''. The watery contents of a plant; an indefinite and undescriptive term little used by botanists.

''[[Sapid]]''. With a pleasant or savory taste.

''[[Scabrous]]''. Rough; feeling roughish or gritty to the touch.

''[[Scale]]''. A name given to many kinds of small mostly dry and appressed [[leaves]] or [[bracts]]; a vestige.

''[[Scape]]''. [[Leafless]] [[peduncle]] arising from the ground; it may bear scales or [[bract]]s but no [[foliage]]-[[leaves]], and may be one- or many-[[flower]]ed.

''[[Scarious]]''. [[Leaf]]-like parts or [[bract]]s that are not green, but thin, dry, and membranaceous, often more or less translucent.

''[[Scion]]''. See ''[[Cion]]''.

''[[Scleroid]]''. Of a hard texture.

''[[Scorpioid]]''. Said of a [[cluster]] in which the [[flower]]s are 2-ranked and borne alternately at the right and the left.

''[[Seed]]''. The ripened [[ovule]]; the essential part is the [[embryo]], and this is contained within integuments.

''[[Seedling]]''. A young plant raised from [[seed]]; a plant direct from seed without the intervention of [[graft]]ing of any kind.

''[[Segment]]''. One of the parts of a [[leaf]], [[petal]], [[calyx]] or [[perianth]] that is divided but not truly compound.

''[[Self-fertilization]]''. Secured by [[polle]]n from same [[flower]]; close-fertilization.

''[[Self-pollination]]''. Transfer of [[pollen]] from [[stamen]] to [[pistil]] of same [[flower]]; close-pollination.

''[[Sepal]]''. One of the separate [[leaves]] of a [[calyx]].

''[[Separation]]''. Multiplication of plants by means of naturally detachable asexual bodies or organs, as [[offset]]s, [[stolon]]s.

''[[Septate]]''. Partitioned; divided by partitions.

''[[Septicidal]]''. [[Dehiscence]] along or in the partitions, not directly into the [[locule]].

''[[Septum]]''. A partition.

''[[Sessile]]''. Not stalked; sitting.

''[[Set]]''. Applied loosely to vegetative parts used in [[propagation]], as to [[offset]]s, layers, [[root]]-[[cutting]]s.

''[[Seta]]''. A bristle.

''[[Setiform]]''. Bristle-shaped.

''[[Sheath]]''. Any long or more or less tubular structure surrounding an organ or part.

''[[Shoot]]''. A new plant from the [[root]] of the old plant; also any growing [[twig]] or [[axis]].

''[[Shrub]]''. A woody plant that remains low and produces [[shoot]]s or [[trunk]]s from the base.

''[[Silicle]]''. The short [[fruit]] of certain [[Cruciferae]].

''[[Silique]]''. The long [[fruit]] of certain [[Cruciferae]].

''[[Silky]]''. A condition produced by a covering of soft appressed fine hairs; [[sericeus]].

''[[Silvery]]''. With a whitish metallic more or less shining luster.

''[[Simple pistil]]''. Of one [[carpel]].

''[[Sinus]]''. The space or recess between two [[lobe]]s of a [[leaf]] or other expanded organ.

''[[Slip]]''. A [[softwood]] [[cutting]] "slipped" off or pulled off; applied also to similar parts cut off.

''[[Smooth]]''. Said of surfaces that have no hairiness, roughness or [[pubescence]], particularly of those not rough.

''[[Solitary]]''. Borne singly or alone.

''[[Sorus]]''. A heap or [[cluster]]. The [[fruit]]-dots or -cluster of [[fern]]s (plural ''sori''.)

''[[Spadix]]''. A thick or fleshy spike of certain plants, as the [[Araceae]], surrounded or subtended by a [[spathe]].

''[[Span]]''. Nine inches; distance from tip of thumb to tip of little finger when the hand is spread out.

''[[Spathe]]''. The [[bract]] or [[leaf]] surrounding or subtending a [[flower]]-[[cluster]] or a [[spadix]]; it is sometimes colored and flower-like, as in the [[calla]].

''[[Spawn]]''. The dried mycelium of [[mushroom]]s used in [[propagation]].

''[[Spheroidal]]''. A solid that is nearly spherical.

''[[Spiciform]]''. Spike-form.

''[[Spiculate]]''. With a small, fleshy and erect point.

''[[Spike]]''. Compact, more or less simple [[indeterminate]], mostly elongated [[cluster]], with [[flower]]s [[sessile]] or nearly so.

''[[Spikelet]]''. A secondary [[spike]]; one part of a compound spike; particularly, one of the ultimate [[cluster]]s in grosses.

''[[Spine]]''. A strong and sharp-pointed [[woody]] body mostly arising from the [[wood]] of the [[stem]].

''[[Spinescent]]''. More or less spiny.

''[[Spinule]]''. A little or weak spine.

''[[Spontaneous]]''. Said of plants that have escaped from [[cultivation]], but that do not permanently persist.

''[[Sporangium]]''. A [[spore]]-case; a sac or body bearing spores.

''[[Spore]]''. A simple reproductive body, usually composed of a single detached cell, and containing no [[embryo]].

''[[Sporocarp]]''. A receptacle containing sporangia or [[spore]]s.

''[[Sporophyll]]''. A [[spore]]-bearing [[leaf]].

''[[Spreading]]''. Standing outward or horizontally.

''[[Spur]]''. A tubular or sac-like projection from a [[blossom]], as of a [[petal]] or [[sepal]]; it usually secretes [[nectar]].

''[[Squama]]''. A [[scale]].

''[[Squamella]]''. Very small [[squama]] or [[scale]].

''[[Stachys]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a [[spike]].

''[[Stalk]]''. The [[stem]] of any [[organ]], as the [[petiole]], [[peduncle]], [[pedicel]], [[filament]], [[stipe]].

''[[Stamen]]''. The [[pollen]]-bearing or "[[male]]" organ.

''[[Staminate]]''. Having [[stamen]]s and no [[pistil]]s; [[male]].

''[[Staminode]], staminodium''. A sterile [[stamen]], or a structure resembling such and borne in the staminal part of the [[flower]]; in some [[flower]]s (as in [[Canna]]) staminodia are [[petal]]-like and showy.

''[[Standard]]''. The upper and broad more or less erect [[petal]] of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Stem]]''. The main [[axis]] of a plant; [[leaf]]-bearing and [[flower]]- bearing as distinguished from the [[root]]-bearing axis.

''[[Sterile flower]]''. Without [[pistil]]s.

''[[Stigma]]''. The part of the [[pistil]] that receives the [[pollen]].

''[[Stigmatic]]''. Pertaining to the [[stigma]].

''[[Stipe]]''. The stalk of a [[pistil]] or other small organ; also the [[petiole]] of a [[fern]]-[[leaf]].

''[[Stipel]]''. [[Stipule]] of a [[leaflet]].

''[[Stipule]]''. A basal appendage of a [[petiole]]; the three parts of a complete [[leaf]] are [[blade]], petiole, [[stipules]] (usually 2).

''[[Stock]]''. The part on which the [[cion]] is [[graft]]ed; the strain or parentage.

''[[Stolon]]''. A [[shoot]] that bends to the ground and takes [[root]]; more commonly, a horizontal [[stem]] at or below surface of the ground that gives rise to a new plant at its tip.

''[[Stone]]''. The "pit" or [[putamen]] of a [[stone]] [[fruit]].

''[[Stool]]''. A clump of [[root]]s or [[rootstock]] that may be used in [[propagation]]; also an established low plant from which layers are taken.

''[[Stratification]]''. The operation or method of burying [[seed]]s to keep them fresh and to soften their integuments, or to expose them without injury to frost, that they may be more readily and successfully used in [[propagation]].

''[[Strict]]''. Straight and upright, little if any branched, often rigid.

''[[Strobile]]''. [[Cone]].

''[[Strophiole]]''. An appendage or protuberance at the [[hilum]].

''[[Style]]''. More or less elongated part of the [[pistil]] between the [[ovary]] and [[stigma]].

''[[Stylopodium]]''. Style-foot; an expansion at the base of a style, as in [[flower]]s of the [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[Sub-]]''. As a prefix, usually signifying ''somewhat, slightly'' or ''rather''.

''[[Subacute]]''. Somewhat or partially acute.

''[[Subcoriaceous]]''. Somewhat or approaching leathery in texture.

''[[Subligneous]]''. Partially or somewhat [[woody]].

''[[Subterete]]''. Somewhat or imperfectly [[terete]].

''[[Succulent]]''. Juicy; fleshy; soft and thickened in texture.

''[[Sucker]]''. A [[shoot]] arising from the [[root]]s or beneath the surface of the ground.

''[[Suffrutescent]]''. Partially or slightly [[shrub]]by.

''[[Suffruticose]]''. Pertaining to a low and somewhat [[woody]] plant; diminutively shrubby or [[fruticose]]; woody at base.

''[[Sulcate]]''. Grooved or furrowed lengthwise.

''[[Superior]]''. Said of an [[ovary]] that is free from the [[calyx]].

''[[Supernumerary]]''. Said of [[bud]]s when there is more than one in an [[axil]].

''[[Suspended]]''. Hanging from the top, as an [[ovule]] attached in the top of the [[locule]].

''[[Suture]]''. A line or mark of splitting open; a groove marking a natural division or union; the groove lengthwise a [[plum]] or similar [[fruit]].

''[[Symmetrical]]''. Said of a [[flower]] that has the same number of parts in each series or circle, as five [[stamen]]s, five [[petal]]s.

''[[Symphysis]]''. Growing together; coalescence.

''[[Sympodial]]''. Axial growth continued by successive lateral [[shoot]]s instead of by terminal [[bud]].

''[[Syncarpium]]''. A [[fruit]] consisting of many cohering or consolidated [[carpel]]s.

''[[Syncarpous]]''. Having [[carpel]]s united. See ''[[Apocarpus]]''.

''[[Syngenesious]]''. [[Anther]]s united in a ring, as in [[Compositae]].

==T==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Tapering]]''. Gradually becoming smaller or diminishing in diameter or width toward one end.

''[[Tap-root]]''. A strong nearly or quite perpendicular main [[root]] that carries the plant axis straight into the ground, all the other roots being secondary to it, rather than branching equally or diversely at the [[crown]].

''[[Taxonomy]]''. [[Classification]] of [[species]].

''[[Tendril]]''. A rotating or twisting thread-like process or extension by which a plant grasps an object and clings to it for support; morphologically it may be [[stem]] or [[leaf]].

''[[Teratology]]''. The subject of monstrosities, or of abnormal and aberrant forms and malformations.

''[[Terete]]''. Circular in transverse section; imperfectly cylindrical because the object may taper both ways.

''[[Terminology]]''. The subject dealing with names.

''[[Ternate]]''. In threes.

''[[Testa]]''. The outer [[seed]]-coat, particularly when bony, hard or brittle.

''[[Tetradynamous]]''. Six [[stamen]]s, four being long and two short.

''[[Tetragonal]]''. Four-angled.

''[[Thallus]]''. A flat [[leaf]]-like organ; in some cryptogams, the entire cellular plant body without differentiation as to [[stem]] and [[foliage]].

''[[Throat]]''. The opening or orifice into a [[gamopetalous]] [[corolla]], or [[perianth]]; the place where the limb joins the tube.

''[[Thyrse]], thyrsus''. Compact and more or less compound [[panicle]]; more correctly a panicle-like [[cluster]] with main axis [[indeterminate]] and other parts [[determinate]].

''[[Tip]]''. The plant arising at the end of a [[stolon]], as in the black [[raspberry]].

''[[Tomentose]]''. With tomentum; densely [[woolly]] or pubescent; with matted soft wool-like hairiness.

''[[Tomentulose]]''. Somewhat or delicately [[tomentose]].

''[[Tortuous]]''. Twisted; with irregular bending and [[twining]].

''[[Torus]]''. Receptacle.

''[[Tree]]''. A [[woody]] plant that produces one main [[trunk]] and a more or less distinct and elevated head.

''[[Tri-]]''. Three or three times.

''[[Tricarpous]]''. Of three [[carpel]]s or [[fruit]]s.

''[[Trichome]]''. A hair, particularly one that is strong or stiff.

''[[Tricostate]]''. With three ribs.

''[[Trifid]]''. Separated about halfway down into three parts.

''[[Trifoliate]]''. Of three [[leaves]].

''[[Trifoliolate]]''. Of three [[leaflet]]s.

''[[Trigonous]]''. Three-angled.

''[[Trimerous]]''. In threes.

''[[Trimorphous]]''. In three forms; as three lengths of [[stamen]]s.

''[[Tripinnate]]''. Three times [[pinnate]].

''[[Trisected]]''. In three deeply cut parts.

''[[Triternate]]''. Three times three; the [[leaflet]]s or segments of a twice [[ternate]] [[leaf]] again in three parts.

''[[Truncate]]''. Appearing as if cut off at the end; the end nearly or quite straight across.

''[[Tuber]]''. A short congested part; usually defined as subterranean (as of a [[rootstock]]), although this is not essential.

''[[Tubercle]]''. .A small [[tuber]], or rounded protruding body.

''[[Tuberiferous]]''. [[Tuber]]-bearing.

''[[Tuberous]]''. With or resembling a [[tuber]] or tubers.

''[[Tumid]]''. Swollen.

''[[Tunicated]]''. Provided with concentric or enwrapping coats or layers, as [[bulb]] of [[onion]].

''[[Turgid]]''. Swollen from fullness.

==U==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Umbel]]''. Corymbose or [[indeterminate]] [[cluster]] with [[branch]]es or rays arising from a common point and about equal in length, resembling framework of umbrella; [[umbel]]s are characteristic of the [[Umbellifera]].

''[[Umbellate]]''. Umbelled; with [[umbel]]s; pertaining to umbels.

''[[Umbellet]]''. Secondary [[umbel]].

''[[Umbellule]]''. [[Umbel]]let.

''[[Uni-]]''. One.

''[[Unisexual]]''. Of one sex; [[staminate]] or [[pistillate]] only.

''[[Utricle]]''. A small bladder; a bladdery 1-[[seed]]ed [[fruit]].

==V==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Valvate]]''. Opening by valves or pertaining to valves; meeting by the edges without overlapping, as [[leaves]] or [[petal]]s in the [[bud]].

''[[Valve]]''. A separable part of a [[pod]]; the units or pieces into which a capsule splits or divides in [[dehiscing]].

''[[Vascular]]''. With vessels or ducts, or relating to them.

''[[Vein]]''. A [[branch]] of the evident [[woody]] framework of a [[leaf]] or similar organ; secondary member of the fibro-vascular structure.

''[[Veinlet]]''. A small or slender vein; nerve.

''[[Venation]]''. Veining; arrangement or disposition of veins.

''[[Ventral]]''. Front; relating to the anterior or inner face or part of an organ; opposite the back or dorsal part.

''[[Vernation]]''. The disposition or arrangement of [[leaves]] in the [[bud]].

''[[Versatile]]''. Hung or attached near the middle and usually moving freely, as an [[anther]] attached crosswise on the apex of [[filament]] and capable of turning.

''[[Verticil]]''. A [[whorl]].

''[[Vesicle]]''. A little bladder or bladder-like cavity.

''[[Vexillary]]''. Pertaining to the vexillum, standard or banner of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Villous]]''. Provided with long and soft, not matted, hairs; shaggy.

''[[Vitta]]''. An oil-tube, as in the fruits of [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[Vittate]]''. With [[vitta]]e; also striped lengthwise.

''[[Volute]]''. Rolled up.

==W==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Watersprout]]''. A strong rapid-growing adventitious [[shoot]] in a [[tree]]-top or [[bush]] or on a [[trunk]].

''[[Whorl]]''. Three or more [[leaves]] or [[flower]]s at one [[node]], in a circle.

''[[Wing]]''. A thin dry or membranous expansion or flat extension or appendage of an organ; also the lateral [[petal]] of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Woolly]]''. Provided with long, soft and more or less matted hairs; like wool; [[lanate]].

''[[Wort]]''. Old word for a plant or [[herb]]; now used only in combination, as [[mother-wort]], [[spiderwort]], [[liverwort]].

==X==
{{compactTOC2}}

==Y==
{{compactTOC2}}

==Z==
{{compactTOC2}}

Agapanthus

2023-08-18T00:45:17Z

Kirka:

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Alliaceae
|genus=Agapanthus
|common_name=African lily, Lily-of-the-Nile
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|habit=bulbous
|Min ht box=1.5
|Min ht metric=ft
|Max ht box=4
|Max ht metric=ft
|height_ref=Missouri Bontanical Garden
|Min wd box=1
|Min wd metric=ft
|Max wd box=2.5
|Max wd metric=ft
|origin=South Africa
|lifespan=perennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|exposure=sun, part-sun
|water=moist, moderate, dry
|features=fire resistant
|flower_season=early summer, mid summer
|flowers=blue, purple, white
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=6
|max_zone=10
|sunset_zones=vary by species
|image=Agapanthus africanus.jpg
|image_width=240
}}
''Agapanthus'' is a genus of [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]] that mostly [[Anthesis|bloom]] in summer. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are basal and curved, linear, and up to 60 cm long. They are arranged in two rows.

The [[inflorescence]] is a pseudo-[[umbel]] subtended by two large [[bract]]s at the [[Glossary of botanical terms#A| apex]] of a long, erect [[Scape (botany)| scape]], up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. They have funnel-shaped [[flower]]s, in hues of blue to purple, shading to white. Some hybrids and cultivars have colors not found in [[Wildlife|wild]] plants. The [[Ovary (plants)| ovary]] is [[superior ovary| superior]]. The [[style (botany)| style]] is hollow. Agapanthus does not have the distinctive chemistry of [[Alliaceae]].

{{Inc|
Agapanthus (agape, love, and anthos, flower). Liliaceae. Conservatory plants, with tuberous rootstocks, blooming from late spring to fall, but mostly in summer. Plant robust and tall (dwarf forms): scape simple, fls. in 2-bracted umbels, in shades of blue and varying to white; perianth with 6 wide-spreading divisions, nearly regular; stamens 6: pod many-seeded; seeds flat, above: foliage
usually evergreen, but vanishing early in some of the forms. S. Afr.—Probably only one species, although several have been described.

In this country, agapanthuses are usually grown in tubs (the roots are likely to burst pots), and are flowered in summer in the conservatory, window-garden, living room, or set in protected places in the open. The plant is kept dormant during winter, as in a frame or light cellar, only enough life being maintained to prevent the leaves from falling. When in bloom, give abundance of water. Plants will bloom many years if given a large enough tub, not allowed to become overcrowded in the tub, and supplied with
manure-water, sending up many clusters each year. Good results can also be obtained in single pots. It forces well. If kept dormant until spring, plants may be bedded in the open, or massed in vases, for summer bloom.—Propagation is effected by dividing the roots (and rarely by seeds). Old roots break up more easily if soaked in water a few hours. When dormant, the plant will stand a few degrees —usually 10° or less— of frost.
}}

Strap shaped leaves look like a fountain. Flower spikes rise on a stem, with a sphere of flowers on top during summer.

==Cultivation==
{{monthbox
| color = IndianRed
| name = Agapanthus
| jan =
| feb = sow
| mar = sow
| apr = divide
| may = transplant
| jun =
| jul = flowering
| aug = flowering
| sep = flowering
| oct =
| nov =
| dec =
| notes =
}}
''Agapanthus africanus'' can be grown within [[USDA plant hardiness zones]] 9 to 11. In lower-numbered zones, the bulbs should be placed deeper in the soil and mulched well in the fall. They can also be dug up and stored indoors during the winter.

Several hundred [[cultivar]]s and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are cultivated as garden and landscape plants. Several are winter-hardy to USDA Zone 7.

===Propagation===
Division of bulbs or by seeds. Seeds of most varieties are fertile. Divide once every 5 years{{SSN}}.

===Pests and diseases===

==Species==
Zonneveld & Duncan (2003) classified ''Agapanthus'' into six species (''A. africanus, A. campanulatus, A. caulescens, A. coddii, A. inapertus, A. praecox''). Four additional taxa recognised by Leighton (1965) as species (''A. comptonii, A. dyeri, A. nutans, A. walshii'') are given status below species rank by Zonneveld & Duncan.
* ''[[Agapanthus africanus]]'' (syn. ''A. umbellatus; African Lily or African Tulip)
* ''[[Agapanthus campanulatus]]'' (African bluebell, African Blue lily or Bell Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus caulescens]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus coddii]]'' (Codd's Agapanthus or Blue Lily)
* ''[[Agapanthus comptonii]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus dyeri]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Headbourne Hybrids']]''
* ''[[Agapanthus inapertus]]'' (Drakensberg Agapanthus or Drooping Agapanthus)
* ''[[Agapanthus nutans]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus orientalis]]''
* ''[[Agapanthus 'Peter Pan']]'' (dwarf)
* ''[[Agapanthus praecox]]'' (Common Agapanthus, Blue Lily, African Lily, or Lily of the Nile)
* ''[[Agapanthus walshii]]''

==References==
*{{wplink}}
*Manual of Gardening, a Practical Guide to the Making of Home Grounds, L. H. Bailey




==External links==
http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a434
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__

Alliaceae

2023-08-18T00:37:27Z

Kirka:

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786). This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797). Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''. Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important food plants for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191

==Further reading==

* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-18T00:21:00Z

Kirka: /* Phylogeny */

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''. Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-18T00:17:47Z

Kirka: /* Genera */

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''. Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

=== Phylogeny ===

{{Clade
| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%
| label1 = '''Subfamily Allioideae'''

|1=
{{Clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Allieae]] (monogeneric, ''[[Allium]]'')
| 2= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Tulbaghieae]]
| 2= Tribes [[Gilliesieae]], [[Leucocoryneae]]
}}}}}}}}
}}

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-18T00:14:39Z

Kirka: /* Leucocoryneae */

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''. Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn|group=notes|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2017 |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Asparagales: Allioideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>}}

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

=== Phylogeny ===

{{Clade
| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%
| label1 = '''Subfamily Allioideae'''

|1=
{{Clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Allieae]] (monogeneric, ''[[Allium]]'')
| 2= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Tulbaghieae]]
| 2= Tribes [[Gilliesieae]], [[Leucocoryneae]]
}}}}}}}}
}}

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-18T00:13:10Z

Kirka: /* Gilliesieae */

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''. Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn|group=notes|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2017 |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Asparagales: Allioideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>}}

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

=== Phylogeny ===

{{Clade
| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%
| label1 = '''Subfamily Allioideae'''

|1=
{{Clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Allieae]] (monogeneric, ''[[Allium]]'')
| 2= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Tulbaghieae]]
| 2= Tribes [[Gilliesieae]], [[Leucocoryneae]]
}}}}}}}}
}}

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-18T00:11:26Z

Kirka: /* Phylogenetic analyses */

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''. Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn|group=notes|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2017 |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Asparagales: Allioideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>}}

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

=== Phylogeny ===

{{Clade
| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%
| label1 = '''Subfamily Allioideae'''

|1=
{{Clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Allieae]] (monogeneric, ''[[Allium]]'')
| 2= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Tulbaghieae]]
| 2= Tribes [[Gilliesieae]], [[Leucocoryneae]]
}}}}}}}}
}}

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-18T00:07:06Z

Kirka: /* Taxonomy */

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} Some [[botanist]]s have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn|group=notes|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2017 |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Asparagales: Allioideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>}}

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

=== Phylogeny ===

{{Clade
| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%
| label1 = '''Subfamily Allioideae'''

|1=
{{Clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Allieae]] (monogeneric, ''[[Allium]]'')
| 2= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Tulbaghieae]]
| 2= Tribes [[Gilliesieae]], [[Leucocoryneae]]
}}}}}}}}
}}

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-17T23:58:46Z

Kirka: /* Taxonomy */

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae{{refn|group=notes|Lindley attributed Alliaceae to [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]] rather than [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]], referencing Alliaceae Link ''Handb.'' I: 152 (1829){{sfn|Link|1829|loc=[http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D4977424&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=164 Ord. VI Liliaceae (sectio 1 Alliaceae p. 152–160)]}}}} to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} Some [[botanist]]s have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn|group=notes|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2017 |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Asparagales: Allioideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>}}

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

=== Phylogeny ===

{{Clade
| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%
| label1 = '''Subfamily Allioideae'''

|1=
{{Clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Allieae]] (monogeneric, ''[[Allium]]'')
| 2= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Tulbaghieae]]
| 2= Tribes [[Gilliesieae]], [[Leucocoryneae]]
}}}}}}}}
}}

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-17T23:50:52Z

Kirka: /* Taxonomy */

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Michel Adanson]]'s description of Cepae 1763]]

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]){{sfn|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}} containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, [[Michel Adanson]], who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]]{{sfn|Adanson|1763|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/588/mode/1up VIII. Liliaceae. Part II. p. 42]}} as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae{{refn|group=notes|Lindley attributed Alliaceae to [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]] rather than [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]], referencing Alliaceae Link ''Handb.'' I: 152 (1829){{sfn|Link|1829|loc=[http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D4977424&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=164 Ord. VI Liliaceae (sectio 1 Alliaceae p. 152–160)]}}}} to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]]{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/365/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Gilliesieae pp. 804–806]}} as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911).{{sfn|Lotsy|1911|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77531#page/740/mode/1up Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, Gilliesiaceae pp. 732–734]}} This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]]. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]], Allioideae, and [[Gilliesioideae]]. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} Some [[botanist]]s have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere. {{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn|group=notes|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2017 |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Asparagales: Allioideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>}}

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

=== Phylogeny ===

{{Clade
| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%
| label1 = '''Subfamily Allioideae'''

|1=
{{Clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Allieae]] (monogeneric, ''[[Allium]]'')
| 2= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Tulbaghieae]]
| 2= Tribes [[Gilliesieae]], [[Leucocoryneae]]
}}}}}}}}
}}

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Alliaceae

2023-08-17T23:36:57Z

Kirka: Created page with "{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Allioideae | image = R..."

{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Allioideae
| image = Ramsons 700.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Allium ursinum]]''
| authority = [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision =
* [[Allieae]]
* [[Gilliesieae]]
* [[Leucocoryneae]]
* [[Tulbaghieae]]
| type_genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = Alliaceae [[J.G. Agardh]] (1858) 
[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797){{refn|group=notes|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Reveal|1998}}}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
}}

'''Allioideae''' is a subfamily of [[monocot]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. It was formerly treated as a separate family, '''Alliaceae'''. The subfamily name is derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|generic name]] of the [[Biological type|type]] [[genus]], ''[[Allium]]''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

== Description ==
The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and [[weed]]s, such as ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Michel Adanson]]'s description of Cepae 1763]]
{{multiple image | header = Original descriptions of Alliaceae| align = right | direction = | width = | float =
| image1 = Batsch 50.pdf | caption1 = [[Batsch]] 1786|width1={{#expr: (200 * 918 / 1205) round 0}}
| image2 = Borkhausen 15.png| caption2 = [[Borkhausen]] 1797|width2={{#expr: (200 * 557 / 998 ) round 0}}
}}

When [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753,{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/306/mode/1up Allium I pp. 294–301]}} thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]){{sfn|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}} containing 51 genera in all.

In 1763, [[Michel Adanson]], who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]]{{sfn|Adanson|1763|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/588/mode/1up VIII. Liliaceae. Part II. p. 42]}} as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin.{{sfn|Adanson|1763|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/596/mode/1up VIII. Liliaceae Section IV. Cepae Part II. p. 50]}} [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]].{{sfn|Batsch|1786|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}} In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]].{{sfn|Borkhausen|1797|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}} [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli).{{sfn|Jaume Saint-Hilaire|1805|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA130 Asphodelées vol. 1. pp. 126–133]}} He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)|calyx]] of six equal parts).

Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli.{{sfn|De Lamarck|De Candolle|1815|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 Vingtième Famille Liliacées Liliaceae pp. 198–255]}} He divided the Liliaceae into a series of Ordres, and the second ordre was named ''Asphodèles'', based on Jussieus' family of that name,{{sfn|De Lamarck|De Candolle|1815|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA204 Liliaceae Second ordre: Asphodèles pp. 204–228]}} in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae{{refn|group=notes|Lindley attributed Alliaceae to [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]] rather than [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]], referencing Alliaceae Link ''Handb.'' I: 152 (1829){{sfn|Link|1829|loc=[http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D4977424&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=164 Ord. VI Liliaceae (sectio 1 Alliaceae p. 152–160)]}}}} to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae,{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/341/mode/1up Asphodeleae (including Alliaceae) pp. 273–274]}} separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae.{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/359/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Allieae pp. 798–807]}} The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]]{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/365/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Gilliesieae pp. 804–806]}} as one of its four subtribes.{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/311/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Allieae (Conspectus) pp. 750]}} Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.{{sfn|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/130/mode/1up Subfamily Allioideae p. 96]}}

=== Modern era ===
In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911).{{sfn|Lotsy|1911|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77531#page/740/mode/1up Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, Gilliesiaceae pp. 732–734]}} This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985){{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA193 Alliaceae pp. 193–198]}} and Rahn (1998).

In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae,{{sfn|Hutchinson|1926}} although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969){{sfn|Huber|1969|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/796/mode/1up Die "Alliodeen" pp. 376–383]}} supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist|Cronquist]]{{sfn|Cronquist|1981}}{{sfn|Cronquist|1988}} who reverted to a very [[Cronquist system|broad concept]] of Liliaceae.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2007}}

In 1985, [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]], Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more [[cladistic]] approach,{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA193 Alliaceae J.G. Agardh (1858) pp. 193–199]}} defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''[[Agapanthus]]'' and a group of genera that are now placed in [[Themidaceae]], or its equivalent, the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] of [[Asparagaceae]].{{sfn|Fay|Chase|1996}} They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: [[Agapanthoideae]],{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA196 Agapanthoideae p. 196]}} Allioideae,{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA196 Allioideae p. 196]}} and [[Gilliesioideae]].{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=Gilliesioideae p. 198–199}} Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''[[Tulbaghia]]''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

=== Phylogenetic analyses ===
In 1996, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the'' [[RuBisCO|rbcL]]'' gene showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family.{{sfn|Fay|Chase|1996}} They also raised Brodiaeeae to family [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] as [[Themidaceae]]. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the [[APG system|APG]] classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''.

In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} Some [[botanist]]s have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}}

The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

=== Subdivision ===
Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]].{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

==== Allieae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere. {{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

====Gilliesieae====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Leucocoryneae ====
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

==== Tulbaghieae ====
Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}

===Genera===
As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn|group=notes|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2001–2017 |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Asparagales: Allioideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>}}

; Allieae
* ''[[Allium]]'' L. (includes ''[[Milula]]'' Prain)

; Gilliesieae
* ''[[Ancrumia]]'' Harv. ex Baker
* ''[[Erinna (plant)|Erinna]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Gethyum]]'' Phil. 
* ''[[Gilliesia]]'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.)
* ''[[Miersia]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Schickendantziella]]'' Looser
* ''[[Solaria (plant)|Solaria]]'' Phil.
* ''[[Speea]]'' Loes.
* ''[[Trichlora]]'' Baker

; Leucocoryneae
* ''[[Beauverdia]]'' Herter {{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}}
* ''[[Ipheion]]'' Rafinesque
* ''[[Leucocoryne]]'' Lindl.
* ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' Kunth.
* ''[[Tristagma]]'' Poepp.
* ''[[Zoellnerallium]]'' Crosa (1975).

; Tulbaghieae
* ''[[Tulbaghia]]'' L.
* ''[[Prototulbaghia]]'' Vosa<ref name=Vosa07>{{cite journal |author=Canio Giuseppe Vosa |year=2007 |title=''Prototulbaghia'', a new genus of the Alliaceae family from the Leolo Mountains in Sekhukhuneland, South Africa |journal=Caryologia |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |url=http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |doi=10.1080/00087114.2007.10797948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506160947/http://www1.unifi.it/caryologia/past_volumes/60_3/1463.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status=dead |citeseerx=10.1.1.494.6523 |s2cid=45409345 }}</ref>

=== Former genera ===
The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]]{{sfn|Chase|Reveal|Fay|2009}} (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' Phil. is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.

=== Phylogeny ===

{{Clade
| style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%
| label1 = '''Subfamily Allioideae'''

|1=
{{Clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Allieae]] (monogeneric, ''[[Allium]]'')
| 2= {{clade
| 1= Tribe [[Tulbaghieae]]
| 2= Tribes [[Gilliesieae]], [[Leucocoryneae]]
}}}}}}}}
}}

== Distribution ==
Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ([[North America]], North Africa, [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of ''[[Nothoscordum]]'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America.{{sfn|Sassone et al.|2014}} Thus fourteen of the total of 18 [[genera]] are [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[temperate]] [[South America]],<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-64060-8}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important [[Food#Plants|food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Seberg |first=Ole |year=2007 |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Vernon H. |editor2-last=Brummitt |editor2-first=Richard K. |editor3-last=Culham |editor3-first=Alastair |contribution=Alliaceae |title=Flowering Plant Families of the World |pages=340–341 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Glossary of plant morphology]]
* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|access-date=26 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Hall|first2=Tony|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sassone|first1=Agostina B.|last2=Arroyo-Leuenberger|first2=Silvia C.|last3=Giussani|first3=Liliana M.|title=Nueva Circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)|journal=Darwiniana |series=Nueva Serie|date=2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.14522/darwiniana/2014.22.584|url=http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/download/584/616|issn=0011-6793|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Sassone et al.|2014}}}}
* [http://www.thecompositaehut.com/www_tch/webcurso_spv/familias_pv/amaryllidaceae_allioideae.html Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay]

=== History ===

==== Early ====
* {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=26 January 2015|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}}
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1]
:: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8]
* {{cite book|last1=Batsch|first1=August Johann Georg Carl|author-link=Batsch|title=Dissertatio inauguralis botanica sistens dispositionem generum plantarum Jenensium|date=1786|publisher=Litteris Hellerianis|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75780#/summary}}
* {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284| access-date=26 January 2015|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois}}
* {{cite book|last1=Borkhausen|first1=Moritz Balthasar|author-link=Borkhausen|title=Botanisches Wörterbuch oder Versuch einer Erklärung der vornehmsten Begriffe und Kunstwörter in der Botanik, 2 Volumes|date=1797|publisher=Georg Friedrich Heyer|location=Giessen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=De Lamarck|first1=Jean-Baptiste|last2=De Candolle|first2=Augustin Pyramus|title=Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique|date=1815|publisher=Desray|location=Paris|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ|format=vol. III|author1-link=De Lamarck}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy Charles Joseph|author-link=Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|title=Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus|date=1827|publisher=Casterman|location=Tournay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Johann Heinrich Friedrich|author-link=Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse|date=1829|publisher=Haude und Spener|location=Berlin|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22955}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|author-link=John Lindley|first=John|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D. |author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2= JD Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747}}

==== Twentieth century ====
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx|isbn=978-0893273323|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5| access-date=10 February 2014}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engler|editor-first=Adolf|editor-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag |location=Berlin |edition=3 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|jstor=1224136|doi=10.2307/1224136}}
* {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2: Dicotyledonae |date=1934|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_9 Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78]
* {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|author-link=Lotsy|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=Gustav Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary}}

=== Taxonomy ===
* {{Cite journal |first1=Mark W. |last1=Chase |first2=James L. |last2=Reveal |first3=Michael F. |last3=Fay |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Snijman |first3=Deirdre A. |last4=Dutilh |first4=Julie H. |name-list-style=amp |title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal |journal=Taxon |date=November 2007 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1299–1300 |doi=10.2307/25065925 |jstor=25065925 |ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Reveal|first1=James L.|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names|journal=Taxon|date=November 1998|volume= 47|issue=4|pages=851–856 |jstor=1224191 |doi=10.2307/1224191}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cutler|first1=David F.|last2=Gregory|first2=Mary|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae|journal=Telopea|date=13 October 1983|volume=2|issue=4|pages=425–452|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408|doi-access=free|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Meerow|first1=A|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Dutilh|first1= J.H.A.| title=Neotropical Alliaceae|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Alliaceae.htm|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics|date=2009|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|chapter=A Phylogenetic Classification of the Angiospermae|journal=Evolutionary Biology|date=1976|volume=9|pages=35–106|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6950-3_2|pmid=19208237|isbn=978-1-4615-6952-7|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thorne |first=R. F. |title=Classification and geography of the flowering plants |journal=The Botanical Review |year=1992 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=225–348 |doi=10.1007/BF02858611|s2cid=40348158 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web|last1=Watson |first1=L. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy |publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences|date=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm |archive-date=13 February 2015 |ref=none}}
** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wplink}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae Alliaceae] in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]. Version 7, May 2006.
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae] [sensu lato] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae in ''Flora of North America'']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=40553&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser] [Alliaceae sensu stricto]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Alliaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
* [http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=alliace&gen=&spec=&coll=&collno=&flora_search=taxon Alliaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ALLI-1.html Alliaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]

{{Amaryllidaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49392}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allioideae| ]]
[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

File:Pine tree rings.JPG

2023-08-17T23:04:50Z

Kirka:

{{GFDL}}

[[Category:stumps]]

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pine_tree_rings.JPG

File:Thistle with cuckoo spit.jpeg

2023-08-17T23:03:42Z

Kirka:

A Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense) with "cuckoo spit" near the base of the bud. Re-uploaded as rename did not work.

Taken by [[User:MrJones]]

{{GFDL}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Thistle_with_cuckoo_spit.jpeg

File:Orchid-05-KayEss-1.jpeg

2023-08-17T23:02:16Z

Kirka:

Orchid taken by [[user:KayEss]]

Taken at my mother-in-law's flower shop in Ubon.

This orchid is a ''[[Dendrobium]]'' hybrid, which has ''D. bigibum'' in its breeding.

{{GFDL}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Orchid-05-KayEss-1.jpeg

File:Viburnum rhytidophyllum.jpg

2023-08-17T23:00:52Z

Kirka:

''[[Viburnum]] rhytidophyllum'' leaves - upper side left, lower side right. Leaves are 23 cm long. Photo [[User:MPF|MPF]].

{{GFDL}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Viburnum_rhytidophyllum.jpg

File:Hollyflowers.jpg

2023-08-17T23:00:00Z

Kirka:

Holly (''Ilex aquifolium'') flowers; male above, female below. Photo [[User:MPF]]

{{GFDL}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hollyflowers.jpg

File:Prunus avium1.jpg

2023-08-17T22:59:00Z

Kirka:

[[Prunus avium]] ripening fruit - photo [[User:MPF|MPF]]

{{GFDL}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Prunus_avium1.jpg

File:Acapalms.jpg

2023-08-17T20:50:13Z

Kirka:

grove of Acai palms. Stated as public domain on German wikipedia. [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Acaibestand.JPG]
{{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Acapalms.jpg

File:Bajacirios.jpg

2023-08-17T20:46:37Z

Kirka:

Three cirio trees in central [[Baja]]. I took this image in March 2005 for Wikiepdia and place it in the public domain. {{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bajacirios.jpg

File:Richmond Park - London - England - 02102005.jpg

2023-08-17T20:45:42Z

Kirka: /* Licensing */ updating

== Summary ==
Photo by and (C) [[User:amertner]]. Do feel free to use it for any purpose.

== Licensing ==
{{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Richmond_Park_-_London_-_England_-_02102005.jpg

File:Shrimp plant lg.jpg

2023-08-17T20:44:18Z

Kirka:

{{Information
|Description=A shrimp plant with red bracts.

I took this picture in early August 2002 using a Nikon FM2 and a Tamron 35-70mm macro zoom lens with Kodak Max Versatility film. I release this into the public domain; you may not claim you took this photo yourself, but you do not need my permission to use it in any other way for any reason. [[:en:User:Koyaanis Qatsi|--KQ]] 14:52 Aug 21, 2002 (PDT)
|Source=Originally from [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia]; description page is/was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3AShrimp_plant_lg.jpg here].
|Date=2002-08-21 (original upload date)
|Author=Original uploader was [[:en:User:Koyaanis Qatsi|Koyaanis Qatsi]] at [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia]
|Permission=PD-AUTHOR; Released into the public domain (by the author).
|other_versions=
}}

== License information ==
{{PD}}



== Original upload log ==
(All user names refer to en.wikipedia)
* 2002-08-21 15:42 [[:en:User:Koyaanis Qatsi|Koyaanis Qatsi]] 400×284×8 (18220 bytes) ''<nowiki>better crop, same terms--public domain.</nowiki>''
__NOTOC__

[[Category:Justicia brandegeeana]]

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Shrimp_plant_lg.jpg

File:Poppy-closeup.jpg

2023-08-17T20:41:47Z

Kirka:

{{PD}}

South of France.

Close up of a nice red poppy I found.

Photograph taken by [[w:User:Silversmith]]/[[w:User:Chameleon]] for Wikipedia.

[[Category:Poppy]]

[[Category:Papaver rhoeas]]

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Poppy-closeup.jpg

File:Lavender chicory01.jpg

2023-08-17T20:39:33Z

Kirka:

Cichorium intybus, commonly known as chicory. This one slightly different in colour. It might be a subspecies. Image taken in the Slovak Republic. {{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lavender_chicory01.jpg

File:Chicory01.jpg

2023-08-17T20:38:21Z

Kirka:

Cichorium intybus, commonly known as chicory. Image taken in the Slovak Republic.

{{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chicory01.jpg

File:Bartholina burmanniana.jpg

2023-08-17T20:36:15Z

Kirka: /* Licensing */ updating

== Summary ==
Photograph by Mike Goulding, courtesy of www.livingfynbos.com
== Licensing ==
{{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bartholina_burmanniana.jpg

File:Aerides-odoratum.jpg

2023-08-17T20:33:08Z

Kirka:

Aerides odoratum (an orchid)

{{PD}}

Downloaded from : [[http://www.larsen-twins.dk/orch-new/Orc_a/Aerides_odorata_750-34x.html]]

Credits : Please help yourself to the photos on our pages, they are freely available.

Larsen Twins Orchids
www.larsen-twins.dk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aerides-odoratum.jpg

File:P5090048.jpg

2023-08-17T20:30:28Z

Kirka: /* Licensing */ Updated licensing

== Summary ==
An artichoke flower.
== Licensing ==
{{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:P5090048.jpg

Globe artichoke

2023-08-17T20:29:50Z

Kirka: Dewikifying non plant links

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Globe Artichoke
| image = Artichokes.jpg
| image_caption = Globe Artichoke buds ready for cooking
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Cynara]]''
| species = '''''C. scolymus'''''
| binomial = ''Cynara scolymus''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

The '''Globe Artichoke''' (''Cynara scolymus'') is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[thistle]] originating in southern Europe around the Mediterranean. It grows to 1.5-2 m tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery glaucous-green [[leaf|leaves]] 50–80 cm long. The [[flower]]s develop in a large head from an edible [[bud]] about 8–15 cm diameter with numerous triangular scales; the individual florets are purple. The edible portion of the buds consists primarily of the fleshy lower portions of the [[involucral bract]]s and the base, known as the "heart"; the mass of inedible immature florets in the center of the bud are called the "choke."

==Cultivation==
[[Image:2005artichoke.PNG|thumb|left|Artichoke output in 2005]]
The Globe Artichoke is very closely related to the [[Cardoon]] (''Cynara cardunculus''), and possibly derived from it in cultivation; the controversy whether it occurs wild or is a [[Cultivar Group]] of the Cardoon has not yet been resolved. It is likewise uncertain whether references to the Globe Artichoke in classical [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authors are really references to the Cardoon. It is, however, certain that the Globe Artichoke as we know it today was cultivated in the eastern [[Mediterranean]] before the [[12th century]], and subsequently introduced to the rest of Europe.

Globe Artichokes were first cultivated at [[Naples]] around the middle of the [[15th century]], and are said to have been introduced to France by [[Catherine de Medici]], in the [[16th century]]. The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] introduced artichokes to England, where they were growing in [[Henry VIII]]'s garden at Newhall in [[1530]]. They were introduced to the [[United States]] in the [[19th century]], to [[Louisiana]] by French immigrants and to California by Spanish immigrants. The name appears to have originated with the Arabic ''ardi shauk'' ("ground-thorn"), through the [[Italian language|Italian]], articiocco.
[[Image:P5090048.jpg|thumb|175px|right|An artichoke flower.]]
Today, the Globe Artichoke is cultivated mainly in France, Italy, and Spain. In the United States, California provides nearly 100 percent of the local crop, and approximately 80 percent of that is grown in Monterey County; there, [[Castroville, California|Castroville]] proclaims itself to be "The Artichoke Center of the World". The [[cultivar]] 'Green Globe' is virtually the only kind grown commercially in the U.S.
[[Image:P8220094.JPG|left|thumb|Artichoke field.]]
Globe Artichokes are [[perennial plant|perennial]]s, and produce the edible flower only during the second and subsequent year. Commercial culture is limited to warm areas in USDA [[Hardiness zone|hardiness zone 7]] and above. It requires good soil, regular watering and feeding plus frost protection in winter. Rooted suckers can be planted each year so that mature specimens can be disposed of after a few years, as each individual plant only lives a few years. The peak season for artichoke harvesting is the spring, but they continue to be harvested throughout the summer, with another peak period in mid autumn.

When harvesting, if they are cut from the ground so as to leave an inch or two of stem, artichokes possess good keeping qualities, frequently remaining quite fresh for two weeks or longer under average retail conditions.

The recently introduced hybrid cultivar 'Imperial Star' has been bred to produce in the first year without such measures. An even newer cultivar, 'Northern Star', is said to be able to overwinter in more northerly climates, and readily survive sub-zero temperature
s.

Apart from food use, the Globe Artichoke is also an attractive plant for its bright floral display, sometimes grown in herbaceous borders for its bold foliage and large purple flowerheads.

==Uses==
[[Image:Artichokes_being_cooked.jpg|right|thumb|Globe Artichokes being cooked]]
=== Cooking ===
Whole Globe Artichokes are prepared for cooking by removing all but 5–100 mm or so of the stem, and (optionally) cutting away about a quarter of each scale with scissors. This removes the thorns that can interfere with handling the leaves when eating. Then, the artichoke is boiled or steamed until tender, about 15–45 minutes. If boiling, salt can be added to the water, if desired. It may be preferable not to cover the pot while the artichokes are boiled, so that the acids will boil out into the air. Covered artichokes can turn brown due to the acids and [[chlorophyll]] oxidation.

===Tea===
Artichokes can also be made into an [[herbal tea]]; artichoke tea is produced as a commercial product in the Dalat region of Vietnam.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

===Liquor===
Artichoke is the primary flavor of the Italian liquor [[Cynar]].

==Ethnomedical Uses==
*Dried or fresh leaves and/or stems of ''Cynara'' are used as a [[choleretic]] (to increase bile production), to treat gallstones, and as a [[tonic]] for [[convalescence]].

[[Cynarin]] is the principal active constituent in ''Cynara''.

==References==
*{{Grocers}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Cynara scolymus}}
{{Cookbook|Artichoke}}
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Cynara+scolymus ''Cynara scolymus''] - Plants for a Future database entry
* [http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/ArtichokeHistory.htm History of the Artichoke] - plus miscellaneous facts
* [http://www.cliffordawright.com/history/artichoke.html Developed from Cardoon?] ''(this article is currently—as of 30 March 2007—unavailable, but will supposedly return)''
* [http://vric.ucdavis.edu/selectnewcrop.artichoke.htm Artichokes] - page of links to artichoke articles at UC Davis Vegetable Research & Information Center
* [http://hort-devel-nwrec.hort.oregonstate.edu/artichgl.html Globe Artichoke] - Commercial Vegetable Production Guide, Oregon State University
* [http://www.cookingforengineers.com/recipe.php?id=111&title=Grilled+Artichokes Grilled Artichokes] - a photo-illustrated guide to cooking and eating artichokes
* [http://www.artichokes.org/recipes.html Artichoke recipes] - from the Artichoke Advisory Board of California
* [http://www.foodsdatabase.com/LinkedLabel.aspx?FoodId=20271 Nutrition facts]
* [http://www.elise.com/recipes/archives/000262how_to_cook_and_eat_an_artichoke.php How to Cook and Eat an Artichoke] - step-by-step instructions with photos

[[Category:Inflorescence vegetables]]
[[Category:Asteraceae]]

File:Lotus berthelotii.JPG

2023-08-17T20:20:00Z

Kirka: /* Licensing */ Updated licensing

== Summary ==
Photo by David Midgley
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}
{{CC-BY-SA-3.0}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lotus_berthelotii.JPG

File:Delicata Squash-small.jpg

2023-08-17T20:16:57Z

Kirka: /* Licensing */ Updated licensing

A picture of delicata squash taken by me in my kitchen.
Jordan Archer makes this image availble to anyone or company for any use.

{{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Delicata_Squash-small.jpg

File:Photosystems.png

2023-08-17T20:14:28Z

Kirka: /* Licensing */

== Summary ==
A generalised image of Photosystems in Photosynthesis, a light harvesting cluster of photosynthetic pigments in a chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
== Licensing ==
{{PD}}

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Photosystems.png

File:1859-Martinique.web.jpg

2023-08-17T20:11:37Z

Kirka: /* Licensing */ Updated licensing

from [[:en:Image:1859-Martinique.web.jpg]] original description follows

----
[[:en:Coconut|Coconut Palm]] on [[:en:Martinique]].
{{PD}}
''Original copyright release'': 
"Les photos publiées ont TOUTES été réalisées par les auteurs du site et nous renonçons à nos droits sur ces photos. Vous pouvez donc utiliser librement et gratuitement les photos de ce site aussi bien pour un usage personnel que professionnel. Si vous voulez en dessous des photos utilisées vous pouvez indiquer qu'elles proviennent de Free On Line Photos (http://patrick.verdier.free.fr) mais ce n'est pas obligatoire."

''English translation'': 
"The photographs published here were ALL created by the authors of this site and we renounce our rights on these photographs. You can use them freely, for both personal and professional use. If you wish to use these photos, you can indicate that they come from Free On Line Photos (http://patrick.verdier.free.fr) but this is not obligatory."

[http://patrick.verdier.free.fr/Search.php?keyword=ARBRE%20OU%20ARBRES ''Source'': Free On Line Photos]

[[nah:Image:Zotolin.jpg]]

----
Uploaded by [[:en:User:JoJan]], modified by [[:en:User:MPF]]

[[category:Martinique]]
[[Category:Arecaceae (Indexed)]]

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:1859-Martinique.web.jpg

File:Chlorophyll structure.png

2023-08-17T20:07:29Z

Kirka:

{{PD}}
drawn by me based on NIH data

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chlorophyll_structure.png

File:Coelogyne-speciosa.jpg

2023-08-17T20:04:40Z

Kirka: /* Licensing */ Updated licensing

==Summary==
'''Description:''' Coelogyne speciosa (an orchid) 
'''Source:''' [http://www.larsen-twins.dk/orch-new/orc_c/Coelogyne_speciosa_534-15x.html The Larsen Twins] 
'''Permission:''' [[Commons:Authorization_to_use_material_from_http://www.larsen-twins.dk]]

==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}
{{CC-BY-SA-3.0}}
[http://www.larsen-twins.dk Larsen Twins Orchids] - Please help yourself to the photos on our pages, they are freely available.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Coelogyne-speciosa.jpg

UserWiki:Kirka

2023-08-17T19:52:16Z

Kirka:

Current Projects:

[[Fire Safe Landscaping]] - Still Pending

[[List of fire resistant plants]]
*Phase 1 - Establish basic listing. (Finally done. 12/7)
*Phase 2 - Obtain photos for pages still missing them. (Done as of 12/27)
*Phase 3 - Fill out rest of articles.

Categorize Photos - http://www.gardenology.org/wiki/Special:UncategorizedFiles

Licensing Templates that work:

PD
GFDL
CC-BY-SA-3.0

Template:CC-BY-SA-3.0

2023-08-17T19:46:38Z

Kirka:

{|class="toccolours" style="width: 90%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; border: 2px solid #88a; background: #FFFFCC; padding: 10px; color:black; "
|[[Image:CC_Some_Rights_Reserved.png‎‎|64px|Some rights reserved]]
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|}

File:CC Some Rights Reserved.png

2023-08-17T19:41:19Z

Kirka:

File:CC some rights reserved.svg

2023-08-17T19:36:48Z

Kirka: Kirka uploaded a new version of "File:CC some rights reserved.svg"

[http://creativecommons.org Creative Commons] graphic

Template:CC-BY-SA-3.0

2023-08-17T18:43:11Z

Kirka: Created page with "{|class="toccolours" style="width: 90%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; border: 2px solid #88a; background: #FFFFCC; padding: 10px; color:black; " |[[Image:CC_some_right..."

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UserWiki:Kirka

2023-08-17T17:34:29Z

Kirka: