Alliaceae - Revision history

Kirka at 00:37, 18 August 2023

2023-08-18T00:37:27Z

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	\| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|L.]]		\| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|L.]]
	\| synonyms = Alliaceae <small>[[J.G. Agardh]] (1858)</small><br>		\| synonyms = Alliaceae <small>[[J.G. Agardh]] (1858)</small><br>
	<small>[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797)</small>{{refn\|group=notes\|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786).~~{{sfn\|Batsch\|1786\|loc=[http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5663&Pagina=54 Alliaceae p. 50]}}~~ This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797).~~{{sfn\|Borkhausen\|1797\|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OxMXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 Alliaceae p. 15]}}~~ Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu\|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.~~{{sfn\|Meerow et al.\|2007}}{{sfn\|Reveal\|1998}}~~}}		<small>[[Batsch]] ex [[Borkh.]] (1797)</small>{{refn\|group=notes\|While the name Alliaceae is generally attributed to Agardh, there is prior precedence for [[Batsch]] (Dispos. Gen. Pl. Jenens.: 50. 1786). This was validated by [[Borkhausen]] (1797). Since suprageneric nomenclature officially commences on 4 Aug 1789 ([[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu\|Jussieu]], Gen. Pl.) Alliaceae should be more correctly referenced as Alliaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15. 1797, nom. cons.}}
	\| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>		\| synonyms_ref =<ref>Agardh JG. Theoria Syst. Pl. 32 (1858)</ref>
	}}		}}
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	== Uses ==		== Uses ==
	Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important ~~[[Food#Plants\|~~food plants]] for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia \|last=Seberg \|first=Ole \|year=2007 \|editor-last=Heywood \|editor-first=Vernon H. \|editor2-last=Brummitt \|editor2-first=Richard K. \|editor3-last=Culham \|editor3-first=Alastair \|contribution=Alliaceae \|title=Flowering Plant Families of the World \|pages=340–341 \|location=Richmond Hill, Ontario \|publisher=Firefly Books \|isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 \|name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture\|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant\|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN\|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>		Some of the [[species]] of ''[[Allium]]'' are important food plants for example [[onion]]s (''Allium cepa''), [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''), [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and [[leek]]s (''A. porrum'').<ref name="seberg2007">{{Cite encyclopedia \|last=Seberg \|first=Ole \|year=2007 \|editor-last=Heywood \|editor-first=Vernon H. \|editor2-last=Brummitt \|editor2-first=Richard K. \|editor3-last=Culham \|editor3-first=Alastair \|contribution=Alliaceae \|title=Flowering Plant Families of the World \|pages=340–341 \|location=Richmond Hill, Ontario \|publisher=Firefly Books \|isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 \|name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are [[Horticulture\|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant\|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN\|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==
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	* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]		* [[Glossary of botanical terms]]

	~~== Notes ==~~
	~~{{Reflist\|group=notes}}~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist\|30em}}~~

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==
	~~{{Refbegin\|30em}}~~
	* {{cite web\|title=Linnaeus Sexual System\|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system\|website=CronkLab\|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia\|access-date=26 January 2015\|ref={{harvid\|Linnaeus Sexual System\|2015}}}}		* {{cite web\|title=Linnaeus Sexual System\|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system\|website=CronkLab\|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia\|access-date=26 January 2015\|ref={{harvid\|Linnaeus Sexual System\|2015}}}}
	* {{cite journal\|last1=Fay\|first1=Michael F.\|last2=Hall\|first2=Tony\|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.\|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine\|date=May 2007\|volume=24\|issue=2\|pages=121–126\|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}		* {{cite journal\|last1=Fay\|first1=Michael F.\|last2=Hall\|first2=Tony\|title=589. Gethyum atropurpureum.\|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine\|date=May 2007\|volume=24\|issue=2\|pages=121–126\|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00573.x}}
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	* {{Cite journal \|first1=Mark W. \|last1=Chase \|first2=James L. \|last2=Reveal \|first3=Michael F. \|last3=Fay \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2009 \|title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae \|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society \|volume=161 \|issue=2 \|pages=132–136 \|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x\|doi-access=free}}		* {{Cite journal \|first1=Mark W. \|last1=Chase \|first2=James L. \|last2=Reveal \|first3=Michael F. \|last3=Fay \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2009 \|title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae \|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society \|volume=161 \|issue=2 \|pages=132–136 \|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x\|doi-access=free}}
	* {{cite journal \|last1=Meerow \|first1=Alan W. \|last2=Reveal \|first2=James L. \|last3=Snijman \|first3=Deirdre A. \|last4=Dutilh \|first4=Julie H. \|name-list-style=amp \|title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal \|journal=Taxon \|date=November 2007 \|volume=56 \|issue=4 \|pages=1299–1300 \|doi=10.2307/25065925 \|jstor=25065925 \|ref={{harvid\|Meerow et al.\|2007}}}}		* {{cite journal \|last1=Meerow \|first1=Alan W. \|last2=Reveal \|first2=James L. \|last3=Snijman \|first3=Deirdre A. \|last4=Dutilh \|first4=Julie H. \|name-list-style=amp \|title=(1793) Proposal to conserve the name ''Amaryllidaceae'' against ''Alliaceae'', a "superconservation" proposal \|journal=Taxon \|date=November 2007 \|volume=56 \|issue=4 \|pages=1299–1300 \|doi=10.2307/25065925 \|jstor=25065925 \|ref={{harvid\|Meerow et al.\|2007}}}}
	* {{cite journal\|last1=Reveal\|first1=James L.\|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names\|journal=Taxon\|date=November 1998\|volume= 47\|issue=4\|pages=851–856 \|jstor=1224191 ~~\|doi=10.2307/1224191}}~~		* {{cite journal\|last1=Reveal\|first1=James L.\|title=Comments on Art. 14, Footnote 2: First Place of Publication for Seed Plant Family Names\|journal=Taxon\|date=November 1998\|volume= 47\|issue=4\|pages=851–856 \|jstor=1224191
	~~{{Refend}}~~

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	~~{{Refbegin\|30em}}~~
	* {{cite journal\|last1=Cutler\|first1=David F.\|last2=Gregory\|first2=Mary\|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae\|journal=Telopea\|date=13 October 1983\|volume=2\|issue=4\|pages=425–452\|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408\|doi-access=free\|ref=none}}		* {{cite journal\|last1=Cutler\|first1=David F.\|last2=Gregory\|first2=Mary\|title=Current anatomical research in Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae\|journal=Telopea\|date=13 October 1983\|volume=2\|issue=4\|pages=425–452\|doi=10.7751/telopea19834408\|doi-access=free\|ref=none}}
	* {{cite web\|last1=Meerow\|first1=A\|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae\|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm\|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics\|date=2009\|ref=none}}		* {{cite web\|last1=Meerow\|first1=A\|title=Neotropical Amaryllidaceae\|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Amaryllidaceae.htm\|website=Milliken, W., Klitgård, B. & Baracat, A. Neotropikey – Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics\|date=2009\|ref=none}}
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	* {{cite web\|last1=Watson \|first1=L. \|last2=Dallwitz \|first2=M.J. \|title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. \|url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm \|website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy \|publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences\|date=1992 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm \|archive-date=13 February 2015 \|ref=none}}		* {{cite web\|last1=Watson \|first1=L. \|last2=Dallwitz \|first2=M.J. \|title=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 19th August 2014. \|url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm \|website=DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy \|publisher=Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences\|date=1992 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213020900/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/index.htm \|archive-date=13 February 2015 \|ref=none}}
	** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]		** [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/alliacea.htm Alliaceae J.G. Agardh]
	~~{{Refend}}~~

	==External links==		==External links==
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	{{Amaryllidaceae}}		{{Amaryllidaceae}}
	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q49392}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q49392}}
	~~{{Authority control}}~~

	[[Category:Allioideae\| ]]		[[Category:Allioideae\| ]]
	[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]		[[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]

Kirka: /* Phylogeny */

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Phylogeny

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 === Former genera ===
 The genera ''[[Androstephium]]'', ''[[Bessera]]'', ''[[Bloomeria]]'', ''[[Brodiaea]]'', ''[[Dandya (plant)|Dandya]]'', ''[[Dichelostemma]]'', ''[[Jaimehintonia]]'', ''[[Milla]]'', ''[[Muilla]]'', ''[[Petronymphe]]'', ''[[Triteleia]]'', and ''[[Triteleiopsis]]'' are now treated in the family [[Themidaceae]] (alt. [[Asparagaceae]] subfam. [[Brodiaeoideae]]). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to [[Themidaceae]] from [[Anthericaceae]] (now a [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] of [[Agavaceae]]).<ref name="bogler2006">{{cite journal|first1=David J. |last1=Bogler |first2=J. Chris |last2=Pires |first3=Javier |last3=Francisco-Ortega |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae Based on ndhF, rbcL, and its Sequences |journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 |url= https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=aliso|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Latace]]'' <small>Phil.</small> is included in ''[[Nothoscordum]]''.
 == Distribution ==

Kirka: /* Genera */

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Genera

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	===Genera===		===Genera===
	As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:{{refn\|group=notes\|Unless otherwise shown, genera are from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Stevens \|first=P.F. \|date=2001–2017 \|work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website \|title=Asparagales: Allioideae \|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae \|access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>}}		As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae:

	; Allieae		; Allieae

Kirka: /* Leucocoryneae */

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Leucocoryneae

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	==== Leucocoryneae ====		==== Leucocoryneae ====
	Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)\|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts\|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)\|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.~~{{sfn\|Sassone et al.\|2014}}~~		Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)\|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts\|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)\|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.

	==== Tulbaghieae ====		==== Tulbaghieae ====

Kirka: /* Gilliesieae */

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Gilliesieae

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	====Gilliesieae====		====Gilliesieae====
	Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)\|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts\|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)\|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.~~{{sfn\|Sassone et al.\|2014}}~~		Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] more or less fused and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 1–2 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)\|Style]] more or less [[Glossary of plant morphology#Basic flower parts\|gynobasic]]. [[Ovary (botany)\|Ovary]] usually has two [[ovules]] per [[locule]], side by side. [[Floral symmetry]] zygomorphic, [[septal nectaries]] absent. Nine genera native to South America.

	==== Leucocoryneae ====		==== Leucocoryneae ====

Kirka: /* Phylogenetic analyses */

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Phylogenetic analyses

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	In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name\|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.		In the [[APG II system]] of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the [[ICBN]] [[Conserved name\|conserved]] the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II.

	When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''.~~{{sfn\|Chase\|Reveal\|Fay\|2009}}~~ Some ~~[[botanist]]s~~ have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN\|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>		When the [[APG III system]] was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''. Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.<ref name="seberg2007"/><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. {{ISBN\|978-1-4020-9608-2}}.</ref>
	Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system\|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system\|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III\|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.~~{{sfn\|Chase\|Reveal\|Fay\|2009}}~~		Successive revisions of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification have changed the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] of the family. In the [[APG system\|1998]] version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the [[APG II system\|2003]] version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the [[APG III\|2009]] version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.

	Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).~~{{sfn\|Chase\|Reveal\|Fay\|2009}}~~		Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily [[Brodiaeoideae]] (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).

	The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>		The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22).<ref name="rahn1998"/> Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="fay2006">Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

Kirka: /* Taxonomy */

2023-08-18T00:07:06Z

Taxonomy

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	In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu\|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].		In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu\|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

	In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered ~~[[synonym (taxonomy)\|~~synonymous]] with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)\|calyx]] of six equal parts).		In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)\|calyx]] of six equal parts).

	Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier\|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.		Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier\|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

	The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae{{refn\|group=notes\|Lindley attributed Alliaceae to [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link\|Link]] rather than [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier\|Dumortier]], referencing Alliaceae Link ''Handb.'' I: 152 (1829){{sfn\|Link\|1829\|loc=[http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D4977424&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=164 Ord. VI Liliaceae (sectio 1 Alliaceae p. 152–160)]}}}} to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.		The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

	By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.		By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

Kirka: /* Taxonomy */

2023-08-17T23:58:46Z

Taxonomy

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:58, 17 August 2023
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	== Taxonomy ==		== Taxonomy ==

	[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Michel Adanson]]'s description of Cepae 1763]]		[[File:Adanson Oignons.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Michel Adanson's description of Cepae 1763]]


	When [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]])~~{{sfn\|Linnaeus Sexual System\|2015}}~~ containing 51 genera in all.		When [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]] formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six [[stamens]] and one [[pistil]]) containing 51 genera in all.

	In 1763, [[Michel Adanson]], who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]]~~{{sfn\|Adanson\|1763\|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/588/mode/1up VIII. Liliaceae. Part II. p. 42]}}~~ as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu\|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].		In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu\|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

	In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered [[synonym (taxonomy)\|synonymous]] with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)\|calyx]] of six equal parts).		In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered [[synonym (taxonomy)\|synonymous]] with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)\|calyx]] of six equal parts).
Line 39:		Line 39:
	The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae{{refn\|group=notes\|Lindley attributed Alliaceae to [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link\|Link]] rather than [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier\|Dumortier]], referencing Alliaceae Link ''Handb.'' I: 152 (1829){{sfn\|Link\|1829\|loc=[http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D4977424&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=164 Ord. VI Liliaceae (sectio 1 Alliaceae p. 152–160)]}}}} to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.		The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae{{refn\|group=notes\|Lindley attributed Alliaceae to [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link\|Link]] rather than [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier\|Dumortier]], referencing Alliaceae Link ''Handb.'' I: 152 (1829){{sfn\|Link\|1829\|loc=[http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D4977424&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=164 Ord. VI Liliaceae (sectio 1 Alliaceae p. 152–160)]}}}} to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

	By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]]~~{{sfn\|Bentham\|Hooker\|1883\|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/365/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Gilliesieae pp. 804–806]}}~~ as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.		By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

	=== Modern era ===		=== Modern era ===
	In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)\|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911).~~{{sfn\|Lotsy\|1911\|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77531#page/740/mode/1up Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, Gilliesiaceae pp. 732–734]}}~~ This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)		In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the [[Ovary (botany)\|ovary]]. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)

	In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)\|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist\|Cronquist]]		In 1926, [[John Hutchinson (botanist)\|John Hutchinson]] moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of [[Arthur J. Cronquist\|Cronquist]]
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	=== Subdivision ===		=== Subdivision ===
	Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)\|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.~~{{sfn\|Sassone et al.\|2014}}~~		Allioideae is divided into four [[Tribe (biology)\|tribes]]: [[Allieae]], [[Tulbaghieae]], [[Gilliesieae]] and [[Leucocoryneae]]. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). [[Leucocoryneae]] was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''[[nom. nud.]]'' to tribe Leucocoryneae.

	Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon\|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>		Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is [[sister taxon\|sister]] to a [[clade]] composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.<ref name="pires2006">J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' '''22'''(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.</ref>

	==== Allieae ====		==== Allieae ====
	Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)\|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)\|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere. ~~{{sfn\|Sassone et al.\|2014}}~~		Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, [[tepals]] free and corona absent. [[Spathe]] formed from 2–5 [[bracts]]. [[Style (botany)\|Style]] position apical relative to ovary. [[Ovary (botany)\|Ovary]] usually has two, four or numerous [[ovules]] per [[locule]] in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

	====Gilliesieae====		====Gilliesieae====
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	==== Tulbaghieae ====		==== Tulbaghieae ====
	Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)\|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.~~{{sfn\|Sassone et al.\|2014}}~~		Characterised by [[corm]]-shaped [[bulb]] or [[rhizome]]. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a [[Corona (perianth)\|corona]], pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

	===Genera===		===Genera===

Kirka: /* Taxonomy */

2023-08-17T23:50:52Z

Taxonomy

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Kirka: Created page with "{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Allioideae | image = R..."

2023-08-17T23:36:57Z

Created page with "{{Short description|Large subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Allioideae | image = R..."

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← Older revision		Revision as of 00:07, 18 August 2023
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	In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu\|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].		In 1763, Michel Adanson, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within [[Liliaceae]] as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin. [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu\|De Jussieu]] is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of [[Monocots]].

	In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered ~~[[synonym (taxonomy)\|~~synonymous]] with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)\|calyx]] of six equal parts).		In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by [[Batsch]]. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by [[Borkhausen]]. [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]] (1805), who developed the concept of [[Amaryllidaceae]], continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed [[monotypic]] section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ([[umbellate]] flowers, [[bulbous]], [[Calyx (flower)\|calyx]] of six equal parts).

	Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier\|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.		Subsequently, [[de Candolle]] reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier\|Dumortier]]'s ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera.

	The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae{{refn\|group=notes\|Lindley attributed Alliaceae to [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link\|Link]] rather than [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier\|Dumortier]], referencing Alliaceae Link ''Handb.'' I: 152 (1829){{sfn\|Link\|1829\|loc=[http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D4977424&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=164 Ord. VI Liliaceae (sectio 1 Alliaceae p. 152–160)]}}}} to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.		The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, John Lindley, the first English [[systematist]], considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related [[Gilliesieae]] (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in [[circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] with many subdivisions, and were already [[paraphyletic]] ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.

	By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.		By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's [[Gilliesieae]] as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Adolf Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.