WikiWorks at 17:27, 18 May 2010

2010-05-18T17:27:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:27, 18 May 2010
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	~~__NOTOC__~~{{~~Plantbox~~		{{SPlantbox
	\| ~~name~~ = ''Calendula officinalis''		\|familia=Asteraceae
	\| ~~common_names~~ = Pot Marigold, English Marigold		\|genus=Calendula
	\| ~~growth_habit~~ = herbaceous		\|species=officinalis
	\| ~~high~~ = ~~?m (1-2 ft){{SSN}}~~		\|common_name=Pot Marigold, English Marigold
	\| ~~wide~~ = ~~<!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->~~		\|habit=herbaceous
	\| ~~origin~~ = ~~? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->~~		\|Max ht box=80
	~~\| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->~~		\|Max ht metric=cm
	\| lifespan = annual		\|height_ref=Wikipedia
	\| exposure = ~~full~~ sun~~{{SSN}}~~		\|lifespan=perennial, annual
	\| water = moderate~~{{SSN}}~~		\|exposure=sun
	\| features = flowers		\|water=moist, moderate
	\| ~~hardiness~~ = ~~<!--- frost sensitive~~, ~~hardy~~, ~~5°C (40°F)~~, ~~etc -->~~		\|features=flowers, fragrance, edible
	\| ~~bloom~~ = ~~<!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown~~ for ~~its flowers -->~~		\|flower_season=early summer, mid summer, late summer, early fall, mid fall, late fall
	\| ~~usda_zones~~ = ~~All zones~~		\|flower_ref=Plants for a Future
	\| ~~sunset_zones~~ = ~~All zones{{SSN}}~~		\|Temp Metric=°F
	\| ~~color~~ = ~~IndianRed~~		\|min_zone=1
	\| image = Calendula officinalis.jpg		\|max_zone=12
	\| image_width = ~~240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->~~		\|sunset_zones=all zones
	\| image_caption = Pot Marigold (''Calendula officinalis'')		\|image=Calendula officinalis.jpg
	~~\| regnum = Plantae~~		\|image_width=240
	~~\| divisio = Magnoliophyta~~		\|image_caption=Pot Marigold (''Calendula officinalis'')
	~~\| classis = Magnoliopsida~~
	~~\| ordo = Asterales~~
	~~\| familia = Asteraceae~~
	~~\| tribus = Calenduleae~~
	~~\| genus = Calendula~~
	~~\| species = officinalis~~
	~~\| subspecies =~~
	~~\| cultivar =~~
	}}		}}
			'''''Calendula officinalis''''' ('''Pot Marigold''') is a plant in the genus ''[[Calendula]]'' (marigolds), in the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern [[Europe]] though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and may possibly be of garden origin. It is also widely [[naturalisation (biology)\|naturalised]] further north in Europe (north to southern [[England]]) and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world.<ref name=flora>[http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=4116 Interactive Flora of NW Europe: ''Calendula officinalis'']</ref><ref name=rhs>''The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening'' 1: 462.</ref>

			[[File:Calendula officinalis-2.JPG\|left\|thumb\|A double-flowered cultivar]]
			''Calendula officinalis'' is widely cultivated as a herb and can be grown easily in sunny locations in most kinds of soils. Although perennial, it is commonly treated as an annual plant, particularly in colder regions where its winter survival is poor. Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected for variation in the flowers, from pale yellow to orange-red, and with 'double' flowerheads with ray florets replacing some or all of the disc florets. Examples include 'Sun Glow' (bright yellow), 'Lemon' (pale yellow), 'Orange Prince' (orange), 'Indian Prince' (dark orange-red), 'Pink Surprise' (double, with inner florets darker than outer florets) and 'Chrysantha' (yellow, double). A cultivar 'Variegata' with the leaves variegated yellow has also been selected.<ref name=rhs/>

			The leaves and petals of the Pot Marigold are edible, with the petals added to dishes as a garnish and in lieu of [[saffron]]. The leaves can be sweet but are more commonly bitter, and may be used in salads.

			It is a short-lived aromatic perennial plant, growing to 80 cm tall, with sparsely branched lax or erect stems. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, 5–17 cm long, hairy on both sides, and with margins entire or occasionally waved or weakly toothed. The inflorescences are yellow, comprising a thick capitulum or flowerhead 4–7 cm diameter surrounded by two rows of hairy bracts; in the wild plant they have a single ring of ray florets surrounding the central disc florets. The disc florets are tubular and hermaphrodite, and generally of a more intense orange-yellow colour than the female, tridentate, peripheral ray florets. The flowers may appear all year long where conditions are suitable. The fruit is a thorny curved achene.<ref name=flora/><ref name=rhs/>

			[[Synonym]]s include ''Calendula officinalis'' var. ''prolifera''. Other recorded English names include Ruddles, Common Marigold, Garden Marigold, English Marigold, and Scottish Marigold.<ref name=rhs/>

	{{Inc\|		{{Inc\|
	Calendula officinalis, Linn. Pot Marigold. Annual: 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy: lvs. oblong and more or less clasping, entire, thickish: heads solitary, on stout stalks, large with flat spreading rays, showy, closing at night. S. Eu.—One of the most universal garden fls., running into many vars., distinguished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The color varies from white-yellow to deep orange. This is the marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl.-heads are sometimes used in cookery, to flavor soups and stews. The calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm, loose soil. The seeds are usually sown where the plants are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a frame and the plants transplanted. The achenes are large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom most of the year. In the N. it blooms up to the first frosts, sometimes beyond. Sown in summer or autumn, it makes a good winter bloomer.{{SCH}}		Calendula officinalis, Linn. Pot Marigold. Annual: 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy: lvs. oblong and more or less clasping, entire, thickish: heads solitary, on stout stalks, large with flat spreading rays, showy, closing at night. S. Eu.—One of the most universal garden fls., running into many vars., distinguished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The color varies from white-yellow to deep orange. This is the marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl.-heads are sometimes used in cookery, to flavor soups and stews. The calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm, loose soil. The seeds are usually sown where the plants are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a frame and the plants transplanted. The achenes are large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom most of the year. In the N. it blooms up to the first frosts, sometimes beyond. Sown in summer or autumn, it makes a good winter bloomer.{{SCH}}
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	==Cultivation==		==Cultivation==
	~~{{edit~~-~~cult}}<!~~--~~- Type cultivation info below this line~~, ~~then delete this entire line -->~~		An easily grown plant, it succeeds in any well-drained soil[200, 268], though it prefers a good loam and requires a sunny or at least partially sunny position[4, 15, 200, 268]. Plants flower best when they are grown in a poor soil[108]. Tolerates a pH in the range 4.5 to 8.3. The pot marigold is a very ornamental plant that is commonly grown in the flower garden, and occasionally as a culinary herb, there are some named varieties[183]. When well-sited it usually self-sows freely and will maintain itself if allowed[1, 4]. The flowers are sensitive to variations in temperature and dampness, closing when it is dark and when rain is expected[7, 244]. All parts of the plant are pungently scented[245]. The growing plant attracts hoverflies to the garden, the young of which are fairly efficient eaters of aphids[24, 201]. The flowers are attractive to bees[108]. Marigolds are good companion plants, they grow well with tomatoes[14].

	===Propagation===		===Propagation===
	~~{{edit~~-~~prop}}<!~~--~~- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->~~		Seed - sow in situ from spring to early summer and again in September. The seed germinates best in darkness and usually within 1 - 2 weeks at 21°c[138]. The plant often self-sows freely.

	===Pests and diseases===		===Pests and diseases===
	~~{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/~~disease ~~info below~~ this ~~line, then delete this entire line -->~~		Cucumber mosaic disease and powdery mildew can cause problems with this plant[188].

			==Varieties==

	~~==Species==~~
	~~<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->~~

	==Gallery==		==Gallery==
	~~{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->~~

	<gallery>		<gallery perrow=5>
	~~Image~~:~~Upload~~.~~png\| photo 1~~		File:Calendula_officinalis_004.JPG
	Image:Upload.png\| photo 2		Image:Upload.png\| photo 2
	Image:Upload.png\| photo 3		Image:Upload.png\| photo 3
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	==References==		==References==
			<references/>
			*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Calendula+officinalis Plants for a Future] - source of some creative common text
	*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963		*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
	<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->		<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
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	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
	~~[[Category:Categorize]]~~		__NOTOC__
	~~[[Category:Calendula]]~~

	~~<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->~~

WikiWorks at 16:42, 1 June 2009

2009-06-01T16:42:17Z

Show changes

Silparaja at 13:24, 10 May 2009

2009-05-10T13:24:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 10 May 2009
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	{{Taxobox		{{Inc\|
			Calendula officinalis, Linn. Pot Marigold. Fig. 741. Annual: 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy: Ivs. oblong and more or less clasping, entire, thickish: heads solitary, on stout stalks, large with flat spreading rays, showy, closing at night. S. Eu. B.M. 3204. V. 5:44; 16:165.—One of the most universal garden fls., running into many vars., distinguished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The color varies from white-yellow to deep orange. This is the marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl.-heads are sometimes used in cookery, to flavor soups and stews. The calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm, loose soil. The seeds are usually sown where the plants are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a frame and the plants transplanted. The achenes are large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom most of the year. In the N. it blooms up to the first frosts, sometimes beyond. Sown in summer or autumn, it makes a good winter bloomer. Florets are used in medicine as a vulnerary and anti-emetic. The flowering plant was formerly used for removing warts.
			}}
			'''Bold text'''{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen
	\| name = ''Calendula''		\| name = ''Calendula''

MediaWiki default at 13:32, 4 August 2007

2007-08-04T13:32:51Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Calendula''
| image = Calendula officinalis.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Pot Marigold (''Calendula officinalis'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| tribus = Calenduleae
| genus = [[Calendula]]
| species = '''''C. officinalis'''''
| binomial = ''Calendula officinalis''
| binomial_authority = [[L.]]
}}

'''Pot Marigold''' or '''English Marigold''' (''Calendula officinalis'') is a plant in the [[Calendula]] genus. It was used in ancient Greek, Roman, Arabic and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb as well as a dye for fabrics, foods and cosmetics.

The leaves and petals of the Pot Marigold are edible, with the petals added to dishes as a garnish and in lieu of [[saffron]]. The leaves can be sweet but are more commonly bitter, and may be used as or as part of salad.

It is also used in [[homeopathic medicine]] (in a gel form) as a way to promote the healing of minor burns, scrapes and skin irritations.

==Medical Uses==
Flowers harvested between June and September are most potent.

Hot '''calendula tea''' helps soothe ulcers. Gargle with cool tea for inflamed tonsils or canker sores.

'''To make the tea:'''

-Pour 10 oz of boiling water over 2/3 cup of dried flowers and let steep for 15 minutes.

Or

-Add 5-10 drops of calendula tincture to a cup of hot water.

'''Ointment''' is used on scabs, eczema and psoriasis.

'''To make the ointment:'''

-Melt 1/2 cup of petroleum jelly over low heat in a double boiler

-Add a handful of dried calendula flowers

-Heat on low for an hour

-Strain out herb and pour into glass jar

'''Tincture or spray''' can be applied to rashes, cuts, scrapes, or acne with a cotton ball. Spraying is good for sunburns, vaginitis and pinworms.

To dry the flowers themselves, put it on a mesh in direct sun for 1-2 weeks. Afterwards, store in an air tight container.

== Pharmacology ==

Plants are used for the treatment of skin disorders and pain, and as a bactericide, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory. The petals and pollen contain triterpenoid esters (an anti-inflammatory) and the carotenoids flavoxanthin and auroxanthin (antioxidants, and the source of the yellow-orange coloration). The leaves and stems contain other carotenoids, mostly lutein (80%) and zeaxanthan (5%), and beta-carotene. Plant extracts are also widely used by cosmetics, presumably due to presence of compounds such as saponins, resins and essential oils. Organic extracts have even been tentatively shown to inhibit HIV-1. [http://www.raysahelian.com/marigold.html]

== External Links ==
* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-calendula.html MedlinePlus Herbs and Supplements: Calendula]

{{commons|Calendula officinalis}}

[[Category:Asteraceae]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

Calendula officinalis - Revision history

WikiWorks at 17:27, 18 May 2010

WikiWorks at 16:42, 1 June 2009

Silparaja at 13:24, 10 May 2009

MediaWiki default at 13:32, 4 August 2007