https://www.gardenology.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=DicotyledonDicotyledon - Revision history2026-04-10T12:01:43ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.0https://www.gardenology.org/w/index.php?title=Dicotyledon&diff=13601&oldid=prevWikiWorks at 19:41, 24 January 20082008-01-24T19:41:40Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Taxobox<br />
| color = lightgreen<br />
| name = Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)<br />
| image = Magnolia Watsoni.JPG<br />
| image_width = 250px<br />
| image_caption = [[Magnolia]] [[flower]]<br />
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae<br />
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]<br />
| classis = '''Magnoliopsida'''<br />
| classis_authority = [[Alexandre Brongniart|Brongniart]]<br />
| subdivision_ranks = [[Order (biology)|Orders]]<br />
| subdivision = <br />
See text.<br />
}}<br />
[[Image:Young castor bean plant showing prominent cotyledons.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Young [[castor oil plant]] showing its prominent two embryonic leaves ([[cotyledons]]), that differ from the adult leaves]]<br />
'''Dicotyledons''', or '''"dicots"''', is a name for a group of [[flowering plant]]s whose [[seed]] typically contains two embryonic leaves or [[cotyledon]]s. There are around 199,350 [[species]] within this group [http://www.redlist.org/info/tables/table1]. Flowering plants that are not dicotyledons are [[monocotyledon]]s, typically having one embryonic leaf.<br />
<br />
The dicotyledons no longer are regarded as a "good" group, and the names "dicotyledons" and "dicots" are no longer to be used at least in a taxonomic sense. The vast majority of the former dicots, however, form a [[monophyletic]] group called the [[eudicots]] or tricolpates. These may be distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their [[pollen]]. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have [[monosulcate]] pollen, or forms derived from it, whereas eudicots have tricolpate pollen, or derived forms, the pollen having three or more pores set in furrows called colpi.<br />
<br />
Traditionally the dicots have been called the Dicotyledones (or Dicotyledoneae), at any rank. If treated as a class, as in the Cronquist system, they may be called the Magnoliopsida after the [[type (botany)|type genus]] ''[[Magnolia]]''. In some schemes, the eudicots are treated as a separate class, the [[Rosopsida]] (type genus ''Rosa''), or as several separate classes. The remaining dicots ([[palaeodicots]]) may be kept in a single paraphyletic class, called Magnoliopsida, or further divided.<br />
<br />
==Compared to Monocotyledons==<br />
<br />
Aside from cotyledon number, other broad differences have been noted between monocots and dicots, although these have proven to be differences primarily between monocots and [[eudicots]]. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpate pollen. In addition, some monocots have "dicot" characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins.<br />
<br />
'''Seeds:''' The embryo of the monocot has one [[cotyledon]] or seed leaf while the embryo of the dicot has two.<br />
<br />
'''Flowers:''' The flower parts in monocots are multiples of three while in dicots are multiples of four or five.<br />
<br />
'''Stems:''' In monocots, the [[Plant stem|stem]] [[vascular bundle]]s are [[scattered]], while in dicots they are in a [[wiktionary:ring|ring]].<br />
<br />
'''Secondary growth:''' In monocots, stems rarely show [[secondary growth]]; in dicots, stems frequently have [[secondary growth]].<br />
<br />
'''Pollen:''' In monocots, pollen has one [[furrow]] or [[stoma|pore]] while in dicots they have three.<br />
<br />
'''Roots:''' The roots are [[adventitious]] in monocots, while in dicots they develop from the [[radicle]].<br />
<br />
'''Leaves:''' In monocots, the major leaf [[Leaf#Veins|veins]] are [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]], while in dicots they are reticulated. <br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
The following lists are of the orders formerly placed in the dicots, giving their new placement in the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG]]-system and that under the older [[Cronquist system]], which is still in wide use.<br />
<br />
{|width="100%" style="background:transparent;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="left"<br />
!align=left|[[APG II system|APG II]]<br />
!align=left|[[Cronquist system]]<br />
|-<br />
|valign="top"|<!-- Phylogenetic --><br />
[[Amborellaceae]]<br />
<br />
[[Chloranthaceae]]<br />
<br />
[[Nymphaeaceae]] [+ [[Cabombaceae]]]<br />
<br />
[[Austrobaileyales]]<br />
<br />
[[Ceratophyllales]]<br />
;[[magnoliids]]<br />
*[[Canellales]]<br />
*[[Laurales]]<br />
*[[Magnoliales]]<br />
*[[Piperales]]<br />
;[[eudicots]]<br />
*[[Buxaceae]] [+ [[Didymelaceae]]]<br />
*[[Sabiaceae]]<br />
*[[Trochodendraceae]] [+ [[Tetracentraceae]]] <br />
*[[Proteales]]<br />
*[[Ranunculales]]<br />
*;[[core eudicots]]<br />
**[[Aextoxicaceae]]<br />
**[[Berberidopsidaceae]]<br />
**[[Dilleniaceae]]<br />
**[[Gunnerales]]<br />
**[[Caryophyllales]]<br />
**[[Santalales]]<br />
**[[Saxifragales]]<br />
**;[[rosids]]<br />
***[[Aphloiaceae]]<br />
***[[Geissolomataceae]]<br />
***[[Ixerbaceae]]<br />
***[[Picramniaceae]]<br />
***[[Strasburgeriaceae]]<br />
***[[Vitaceae]]<br />
***[[Crossosomatales]]<br />
***[[Geraniales]]<br />
***[[Myrtales]]<br />
***;[[eurosids I]]<br />
****[[Zygophyllaceae]] [+ [[Krameriaceae]]]<br />
****[[Huaceae]]<br />
****[[Celastrales]]<br />
****[[Cucurbitales]]<br />
****[[Fabales]]<br />
****[[Fagales]]<br />
****[[Malpighiales]]<br />
****[[Oxalidales]]<br />
****[[Rosales]]<br />
***;[[eurosids II]]<br />
****[[Tapisciaceae]]<br />
****[[Brassicales]]<br />
****[[Malvales]]<br />
****[[Sapindales]]<br />
**;[[asterids]]<br />
***[[Cornales]]<br />
***[[Ericales]]<br />
***;[[euasterids I]]<br />
****[[Boraginaceae]]<br />
****[[Icacinaceae]]<br />
****[[Oncothecaceae]]<br />
****[[Vahliaceae]]<br />
****[[Garryales]]<br />
****[[Gentianales]]<br />
****[[Lamiales]]<br />
****[[Solanales]]<br />
***;[[euasterids II]]<br />
****[[Bruniaceae]]<br />
****[[Columelliaceae]] [+ [[Desfontainiaceae]]]<br />
****[[Eremosynaceae]]<br />
****[[Escalloniaceae]]<br />
****[[Paracryphiaceae]]<br />
****[[Polyosmaceae]]<br />
****[[Sphenostemonaceae]]<br />
****[[Tribelaceae]]<br />
****[[Apiales]]<br />
****[[Aquifoliales]]<br />
****[[Asterales]]<br />
****[[Dipsacales]]<br />
<br />
Note: "+ ..." = optional segregrate family, that may be split off from the preceding family.<br />
<br />
|valign="top"|<!-- Cronquist --><br />
'''Magnoliopsida'''<br />
<br />
[[Magnoliidae]] (mostly basal dicots)<br />
* [[Magnoliales]]<br />
* [[Laurales]]<br />
* [[Piperales]]<br />
* [[Aristolochiaceae|Aristolochiales]]<br />
* [[Austrobaileyales|Illiciales]]<br />
* [[Nymphaeales]]<br />
* [[Ranunculales]]<br />
* [[Ranunculales|Papaverales]]<br />
[[Hamamelidae]]<br />
* [[Trochodendrales]]<br />
* [[Hamamelidales]]<br />
* [[Daphniphyllum|Daphniphyllales]]<br />
* [[Didymeles|Didymelales]]<br />
* [[Eucommia]]les<br />
* [[Urticales]]<br />
* [[Leitneriales]]<br />
* [[Juglandales]]<br />
* [[Myricales]]<br />
* [[Fagales]]<br />
* [[Casuarinaceae|Casuarinales]]<br />
[[Caryophyllidae]]<br />
* [[Caryophyllales]]<br />
* [[Polygonaceae|Polygonales]]<br />
* [[Plumbaginaceae|Plumbaginales]]<br />
[[Dilleniidae]]<br />
* [[Dilleniales]]<br />
* [[Theales]]<br />
* [[Malvales]]<br />
* [[Lecythidales]]<br />
* [[Nepenthales]]<br />
* [[Violales]]<br />
* [[Salicaceae|Salicales]]<br />
* [[Capparales]]<br />
* [[Batales]]<br />
* [[Ericales]]<br />
* [[Diapensiales]]<br />
* [[Ebenales]]<br />
* [[Primulales]]<br />
[[Rosidae]]<br />
* [[Rosales]]<br />
* [[Fabales]]<br />
* [[Proteales]]<br />
* [[Podostemales]]<br />
* [[Haloragales]]<br />
* [[Myrtales]]<br />
* [[Rhizophoraceae|Rhizophorales]]<br />
* [[Cornales]]<br />
* [[Santalales]]<br />
* [[Rafflesiales]]<br />
* [[Celastrales]]<br />
* [[Euphorbiales]]<br />
* [[Rhamnales]]<br />
* [[Linales]]<br />
* [[Polygalales]]<br />
* [[Sapindales]]<br />
* [[Geraniales]]<br />
* [[Apiales]]<br />
[[Asteridae]]<br />
* [[Gentianales]]<br />
* [[Solanales]]<br />
* [[Lamiales]]<br />
* [[Callitrichales]]<br />
* [[Plantaginales]]<br />
* [[Scrophulariales]]<br />
* [[Campanulales]]<br />
* [[Rubiales]]<br />
* [[Dipsacales]]<br />
* [[Calycerales]]<br />
* [[Asterales]]<br />
|}</div>WikiWorks