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[[User:Osborne|Osborne]] 20:40, 11 October 2007 (UTC){{Taxobox
| color = khaki
| name = ''Palmaria palmata''
| regnum = [[Protist]]a
| phylum = [[Rhodophyta]]
| classis = [[Florideophyceae]]
| ordo = [[Palmariales]]
| familia = [[Palmariaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Palmaria]]''
| species = '''''P. palmata'''''
| binomial = ''Palmaria palmata''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]], [[1891]]
}}
'''''Palmaria palmata''''' (L.) Kuntze, also called '''Dulse''', '''dillisk''', '''dilsk''' or '''creathnach''', is a [[red algae]] ([[Rhodophyta]]) previously referred to as ''Rhodymenia palmata'' (Linnaeus) Greville. It grows on the northern coasts of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans. It is a well-known snack food, and in [[Iceland]], where it is known as söl, it has been an important source of fiber through the centuries.

==History==
The earliest record of this species is of [[St Columba]]'s [[monks]] harvesting it 1400 years ago.<ref name="Indergaard 91">'''Indergaard, M. and Minsaas, J.''' 1991. 2 Animal and human nutrition. ''in'' Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1991. ''Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.'' John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92947 6</ref>

==Description==
Dulse grows attached by its discoid [[holdfast]] to the stipes of ''[[Laminaria]]'' or to rocks. It has a short stipe, the [[fronds]] are very variable and vary in colour from deep-rose to reddish-purple and are rather leathery in texture. The flat foliose blade gradually expands and divides into broad segments ranging in size to 50 cm long and 30 - 8 cms in width which can bear flat wedge-shaped proliferations from the edge.<ref name="Hoek, Mann and Jahns 95">'''Hoek, C.van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M.''' 1995. ''Algae An Introduction to Phycology.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0 521 30419 9</ref> [http://www.algaebase.org/speciesdetail.lasso?species_id=1&sk=0&from=results&-session=abv3:51909EC30c6771DDE8LghID6A331]

The reference to ''Rhodymenia palmata'' var.''mollis'' in Abbott & Hollenberg (1976),<ref name="Abbott and Hollenberg 76">'''Abbott, I.A. and Hollenberg, G.J.''' 1976. ''Marine Algae of California.'' Stanford University Press, California. ISBN 0 8047 0867 2</ref>is now considered to refer to a different species: ''Palmaria mollis'' (Setchel et Gardner) van der Meer et Bird).<ref name="Mondragon and Mondragon 03">'''Mondragon, J. and Mondragon, J.''' 2003. ''Seaweeds of the Pacific Coast.'' Sea Challengers, California. ISBN 0 930118 29 4</ref>[http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=15100&-session=abv4:51909EC30efdf25238gJM2D5C09A]

Dulse is similar to another seaweed ''Dilsea carnosa'' (Schmidel) Kuntze [http://www.algaebase.org/speciesdetail.lasso?species_id=128&sk=0&from=results&-session=abv3:51909EC30c6771DDE8LghID6A331], ''Dilsea'', however, is more leathery with blades up to 30cms long and 20cms wide. Unlike ''Palmaria palmata'' it is not branched and does not have proliferations or branches from the edge of the frond. The older blades may split however.<ref name="Hiscock 86">'''Hiscock, S.''' 1986. ''A Field Key to the British Red Seaweeds.'' Occasional Publications No.''13''. Field Studies Council, Dorset Press, Dorchester ISBN 1 851538136</ref>

==Life history==
The full life-history was not fully explained until 1980.<ref name="van der Merr and Todd 80">'''van der Meer, J.P. and Todd, E.R.''' 1980. The life-history of ''Palmaria palmata'' in culture. A new type for the Rhodophyta. ''Can. J. Bot.'' '''58''': 1250 - 1256 </ref> Tetraspores occur in scattered sori on the mature blade, which is [[diploid]]. Spermatial sori occur scattered over most of the frond of the haploid male plant. The female [[gametophyte]] is very small stunted or encrusted, the carpogonia apparently occurring as single cells in the young plants. The male plants are blade-like and produce spermatia which fertilize the carpogonia of the female crust. After fertilization the diploid plant overgrows the female plant and develops into the tetrasporangial diploid phase attached to the female gametophyte. The adult foliose tetrasporophyte produces tetraspores meiotically.<ref name="Hoek, Mann and Jahns 95"/> It is therefore usually the diploid tetrasporic phase or the male plant which is to be found on the shore.<ref name="Irvine 83">'''Irvine, L.M.''' 1983. ''Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1. Part 2A. Cryptonemiales (sensu stricto) Palamriales, Rhodymeniales.'' British Museum (Natural History), London. ISBN 0 565 00871 4 </ref>

==Ecology==
''Palmaria palmata'' is to be found growing from mid-tide of the [[intertidal zone]] (the area between the high tide and low tide) to a depths of 20 m or more in both sheltered and exposed shores.<ref name="Irvine 83"/>

==Food==
Dulse is a good source of minerals and [[vitamins]] compared with other [[vegetables]] and it contains all [[trace elements]] needed for humans with a high [[protein]] content.<ref name="Indergaard 91">'''Indergaard, M. and Minsaas, J.''' 1991. Animal and human nutrition. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1991. ''Seaweeds Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.'' John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0 471 92947 6</ref>

It is commonly found from June to September and can be collected by hand when the tide is out. When collected, small snails, shell pieces and other small particles can be washed or shaken off and the plant then spread to dry. Some collectors may turn it once and roll it into large bales to be packaged later. It is also used as fodder for animals in some countries.

Dulse is commonly used in [[Northern Ireland]] [http://www.seaveg.co.uk/dulse.html], Iceland and Atlantic [[Canada]] both as food and medicine. It can be found in many health [[food]] stores or [[fish]] markets and can be ordered directly from local distributors. In [[Ballycastle]], Northern Ireland it is traditionally sold at the [[Ould Lammas Fair]]. A variety of dulse is cultivated in [[Nova Scotia]] and marketed as Sea Parsley, sold fresh in the produce section. Dulse is [[now]] shipped around the [[world]]. In Northern Ireland it is particularly popular along the Causeway Coast region. Although a fast dying tradition, there are many who still gather their own dulse although waste pipes have spoiled some sites.

Dulse can be found in some dietary supplements, where it is often referred to as "Nova Scotia Dulce", it is a good source of dietary requirements, a handful will provide more than 100% of the daily amount of [[Vitamin B6]], 66% of [[Vitamin B12]], a day's supply of [[iron]] and [[fluoride]], and it is relatively low in [[sodium]] and high in [[potassium]].[http://www.irishseaweed.com/nutritionalanalysis/Palmariapalmata.htm]

Fresh dulse can be eaten directly off the rocks before sun-drying. Sun-dried dulse is eaten as is or is ground to flakes or a powder. In Iceland the tradition is to eat it with [[butter]]. It can also be [[Pan frying|pan fried]] quickly into chips, baked in the oven covered with [[cheese]] with [[Salsa (sauce)|salsa]], or simply microwaved briefly. It can also be used in [[soups]], chowders, sandwiches and salads, or added to bread/pizza [[dough]]. Finely diced, it can also be used as a flavor enhancer in [[meat]] dishes, such as [[chili]], in place of [[monosodium glutamate]].

==Distribution==
''Palmaria palmata'' is the only species of ''Palmaria'' found on the coast of [[Atlantic]] [[Europe]]. It is to be found from [[Portugal]] to the [[Baltic]] coasts also on the coasts of [[Iceland]] and the [[Faeröes]] ([[Faroes]]).<ref name="Börgesen 03">'''Borgesen, F.''' 1903. ''Botany of the Faeröes...Part II.'' Copenhagen (reprint 1970)</ref> It also grows on the shores of Arctic [[Russia]], Arctic Canada, [[Alaska]], [[Japan]] and [[Korea]].<ref name="Irvine 83"/>The records from California are of ''Palmaria mollis'' which is considered a different species.[http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=15100]

==Infections, galls, malformations and diseases==
Galls, possibly produced by [[nematodes]], [[copepods]] and [[bacteria]] are known to infect these plants. They were recorded as "outgrowths of tissue produced by the presence...of an animal."<ref name="Barton">'''Barton,E.S.''' 1891. On the occurrence of galls in ''Rhodymenia palmata'' Grev. ''J.Bot. Lond.'' '''29''': 65 - 68</ref><ref name="Irvine 83"/>

==References==

<references/>

==Further reading==

* Grubb, V.M. 1923. Preliminary note on the reproduction of ''Rhodymenia palmata'', Ag. ''Ann. Bot.'' '''37''' : 151 - 152.

* Pueschel, C.M. 1979. Ultrastructure of the tetrasporogenesis in ''Palmaria palmata'' (Rhodophyta). ''J. Phycol.'' '''15''': 409 - 424.
* South, G.R. and Hooper, R.G. 1980. ''A Catalogue and Atlas of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Island of Newfoundland.'' p. 1 - 136. Memorial University of Newfoundland Occasional Papers in Biology.

== External links ==
* [http://www.algaebase.org/SpeciesDetail.lasso?species_id=1 AlgaeBase]
* [http://www.maritime.jp/english.dulse.htm Maritimes] Dulse - Sea vegetable.
* [http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=ZM2420 ''Palmaria palmata''] on the Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland
* [http://www.marinetimes.ie/Assets/_archive_2003/0703_news_08.htm Traditional And Modern Use Of Seaweed In Ireland] Also shows ''Ascophyllum nodosum'' being collected.
* http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Palmariapalmata.htm Marlin - ''Palmaria palmata''
* http://seaweed.ucg.ie/algae/rhodophyta.lasso

[[Category:Icelandic cuisine]]
[[Category:Northern Irish cuisine]]
[[Category:Irish cuisine]]
[[Category:Red algae]]
[[Category:Sea vegetables]]

Dulse - Revision history

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