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'''Grape seed oil''' (also called '''grapeseed oil''' or '''grape oil''') is a [[vegetable oil]] pressed from the seeds of various varieties of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' grapes, an abundant [[by-product]] of [[winemaking]]. [[Grape]] seed oil is used for: [[salad]] dressings, marinades, deep [[frying]], flavored oils, baking, [[massage]] oil, [[sunburn]] repair lotion, [[hair]] products, body hygiene creams, lip balm and hand creams. Most grape seed oil is produced in [[Italy]], with other producing nations including [[France]], [[Spain]], and Argentina.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Although known to Europeans for centuries, grape seed oil was not produced or used on a large scale until the 20th century, largely due to the fact that grape seeds contain a lower percentage of oil as compared to other oil-producing seeds, nuts, or beans.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

[[Image:Illustration Vitis vinifera0.jpg|thumb|right|Grape seeds in Nr. 7 and 8 and grapes]]

== Culinary uses ==

[[Grape]] seed [[Vegetable oil|oil]] is extracted from grape seeds and has a relatively high [[smoke point]], approximately 420 °F (216 °C), so it can be safely used to cook at high temperatures. Grape seed oil can be used for stir-fries, sautéing and fondue. In addition to its high smoking point, grape seed oil has other positive attributes in relation to cooking. It has a clean, light taste that has been described as 'nutty'. Because of its 'neutral' taste, grape seed oil is often used as an ingredient in salad dressings or as a base for infusing or flavoring with garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices. It is also used as an ingredient in homemade [[mayonnaise]]. One is able to use less grape seed oil for precisely the same reasons that the cosmetics industry likes it, the [[emollient]] and [[film-forming]] virtues.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

The [[food energy|metabolic energy]] density of grape seed oil is comparable to that of other oils: about 120 [[calorie|kcal]] per [[tablespoon]] (34 [[joule|kJ]]/[[milliliter|ml]]).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} However, because less oil is needed for cooking, it can be used within a [[low-fat diet]] especially when combined with good [[frying]] techniques (such as using enough [[oil]], not overcrowding the [[pan]], and having the [[oil]] at the correct [[temperature]]) which reduces the amount of [[absorbed]] oil.

== Cosmetics ==

In all products grape seed oil is a preferred cosmetic ingredient for damaged and stressed tissues, possessing regenerative and restructuring qualities which allow a better control of skin moisturization. It can help skin retain the normal structure of epithelium cells and nerve cells via supporting the cell membranes.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is noted to be especially effective for repair of the skin around the eyes. Used as an all-over skin moisturizer, grape seed oil is known to reduce the look of stretch marks. A light, thin oil, grape seed oil leaves a glossy film over the skin when used as a carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy. It contains more [[linoleic acid]] than many other carrier oils. Grape seed oil is also usable as a lubricant for face [[shaving]].

== Current medical information ==

Grape seed oil is reputed to contain plentiful [[antioxidant]]s.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In a study presented in 1993 at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Session, Nash and colleagues showed in 56 men and women using up to 1.5 ounces (43 g) per day, an amount that one can cook with, that grape seed oil raised [[High density lipoprotein|HDL]] levels by 13% and reduced [[Low density lipoprotein|LDL]] levels by 7% in three weeks. The total cholesterol/HDL ratio fell 15.6%, and the total LDL/HDL ratio fell 15.3%, which could be significant for those at risk of [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

== Vitamins in grape seed oil ==

Grape seed oil contains [[Vitamin E]] (0.8 to 1.2 g/kg), [[Vitamin C]] and [[Carotene|Beta-Carotene]].<br>There is unconfirmed information that grape seed oil also contains [[Vitamin D]].
{| name="acids" class="wikitable"
! colspan=5 | Average composition of Grape Seed Oil [[fatty acid]]s
|-
| Common Name
| Acid Name
| colspan=3 | Average Percentage Range
|-
| [[Omega-6 fatty acid|Omega-6]]
| [[Linoleic acid]]
| align=right | 69
| align=center | to
| 78%
|-
| [[Omega-9 fatty acid|Omega-9]]
| [[Oleic acid]]
| align=right | 15
| align=center | to
| 20%
|-
| [[Palmitic acid]]
| [[Hexadecanoic acid]]
| align=right | 5
| align=center | to
| 11%
|-
| [[Stearic acid]]
| [[Octadecanoic acid]]
| align=right | 3
| align=center | to
| 6%
|-
| [[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3]]
| [[Alpha-linolenic acid|A-Linolenic Acid]]
| align=right | 0.3
| align=center | to
| 1%
|-
| [[Palmitoleic acid]]
| 9-Hexadecenoic acid
| align=right | 0.5
| align=center | to
| 0.70%
|}

Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% [[unsaponifiables]] rich in [[phenols]]<br>(tocopherols) and [[steroids]] (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}



== Oligomeric proanthocyanidins ==

Some sources claim that grape seed oil is also high in procyanidolic oligomers (also known as [[oligomeric proanthocyanidin]]s, OPCs or PCOs).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} However other sources dispute this. Because proanthocyanidins are [[polar molecule]]s which are insoluble in [[nonpolar]] liquids such as oils, grape seed oil is unlikely to contain as much PCO as other grape products like fresh grapes, grape juice or red [[wine]]. Some published independent analyses show that grape seed oil typically contains almost no PCO at all [http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/49(1)/49_45.htm]. It has been claimed that many distributors of pycnogenol and related products are involved in [[pyramid scheme]]s [http://www.faqs.org/faqs/diabetes/faq/part3/section-25.html]. This in no way impacts its possible health benefits.

== Scientific references ==

# Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, Bagchi D. The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2001;2(2):187-200.
# Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal. 4th ed. New York: The Haworth Herbal Press; 1999:201-203.

{{fatsandoils}}
[[Category:Aromatherapy]]
[[Category:Cooking oils]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Pet foods]]

Grape seed oil - Revision history

MediaWiki default at 04:58, 1 August 2007