Ilex aquifolium - Revision history

WikiWorks at 22:20, 16 March 2010

2010-03-16T22:20:46Z

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 {{Inc|
-Ilex aquifolium, Linn. English Holly. Tree, to 40 ft., with short, spreading branches, forming an oblong or pyramidal head, in cult, often shrubby, glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, usually ovate or oblong- ovate, waved and with strong, spiny teeth,- shining, in. long: fr. scarlet, globular, shining. May, June. a. and Cent. Eu., W. Asia, China.—A very variable species. Osmanthus aquifolium, Sieb. & Zucc., an oleaceous shrub, which may readily be known by its opposite Ivs., is occasionally supplied by dealers as a variety of Ilex Aquifolium.
+Ilex aquifolium, Linn. English Holly. Tree, to 40 ft., with short, spreading branches, forming an oblong or pyramidal head, in cult, often shrubby, glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, usually ovate or oblong- ovate, waved and with strong, spiny teeth,- shining, in. long: fr. scarlet, globular, shining. May, June. a. and Cent. Eu., W. Asia, China.—A very variable species. Osmanthus aquifolium, Sieb. & Zucc., an oleaceous shrub, which may readily be known by its opposite lvs., is occasionally supplied by dealers as a variety of Ilex Aquifolium.
 }}
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 ==Varieties==
 ==Gallery==

122.174.134.195 at 06:09, 15 March 2010

2010-03-15T06:09:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:09, 15 March 2010
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	'''''Ilex aquifolium''''' ('''Holly''', or '''European Holly''' to distinguish it from related species, may also be called Christmass Holly or Mexican Holly) is a species of [[holly]] native to western and southern [[Europe]], northwest [[Africa]] and southwest [[Asia]].<ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Ilex&SPECIES_XREF=aquifolium&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref><ref name=mc>Med-Checklist: [http://ww2.bgbm.org/mcl/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=1263&PTRefFK=1273 ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref><ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3088 ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref>		'''''Ilex aquifolium''''' ('''Holly''', or '''European Holly''' to distinguish it from related species, may also be called Christmass Holly or Mexican Holly) is a species of [[holly]] native to western and southern [[Europe]], northwest [[Africa]] and southwest [[Asia]].<ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Ilex&SPECIES_XREF=aquifolium&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref><ref name=mc>Med-Checklist: [http://ww2.bgbm.org/mcl/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=1263&PTRefFK=1273 ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref><ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3088 ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref>

	It is an [[evergreen]] [[tree]] growing to 10-25 m tall and 40-~~80 cm~~ (rarely 1 m or more) trunk diameter, with smooth grey bark. The [[leaf\|leaves]] are 5-~~12 cm~~ long and 2-~~6 cm~~ broad, variable in shape; on young plants and low branches, with three to five sharp spines on each side, pointing alternately upward and downward; on higher branches of older trees with few or no spines except for the leaf tip, often entire.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=fnwe/>		It is an [[evergreen]] [[tree]] growing to 10-25 m tall and 40-80 cm (rarely 1 m or more) trunk diameter, with smooth grey bark. The [[leaf\|leaves]] are 5-12 cm long and 2-6 cm broad, variable in shape; on young plants and low branches, with three to five sharp spines on each side, pointing alternately upward and downward; on higher branches of older trees with few or no spines except for the leaf tip, often entire.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=fnwe/>

	The [[flower]]s are [[plant sexuality\|dioecious]], white, four-lobed, and pollinated by bees. The [[fruit]] is a red [[drupe]] 6-~~10 mm~~ diameter, containing four pits; although mature in late autumn, they are very bitter due to the ilicin content<ref>Heinz, A. (1975). ''Drogenkunde''. W. de Gruyter ISBN 313566001X</ref>, and so are rarely touched by [[bird]]s until late winter after [[frost]] has made them softer and more palatable.		The [[flower]]s are [[plant sexuality\|dioecious]], white, four-lobed, and pollinated by bees. The [[fruit]] is a red [[drupe]] 6-10 mm diameter, containing four pits; although mature in late autumn, they are very bitter due to the ilicin content<ref>Heinz, A. (1975). ''Drogenkunde''. W. de Gruyter ISBN 313566001X</ref>, and so are rarely touched by [[bird]]s until late winter after [[frost]] has made them softer and more palatable.

	{{Inc\|		{{Inc\|
	Ilex aquifolium, Linn. English Holly. Tree, to 40 ft., with short, spreading branches, forming an oblong or pyramidal head, in cult, often shrubby, glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, usually ovate or oblong- ovate, waved and with strong, spiny teeth,- shining, in. long: fr. scarlet, globular, shining. May, June. a. and Cent. Eu., W. Asia, China.—A very variable species. Osmanthus aquifolium, Sieb. & Zucc., an oleaceous shrub, which may readily be known by its opposite Ivs., is occasionally supplied by dealers as a variety of Ilex Aquifolium.		Ilex aquifolium, Linn. English Holly. Tree, to 40 ft., with short, spreading branches, forming an oblong or pyramidal head, in cult, often shrubby, glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, usually ovate or oblong- ovate, waved and with strong, spiny teeth,- shining, in. long: fr. scarlet, globular, shining. May, June. a. and Cent. Eu., W. Asia, China.—A very variable species. Osmanthus aquifolium, Sieb. & Zucc., an oleaceous shrub, which may readily be known by its opposite Ivs., is occasionally supplied by dealers as a variety of Ilex Aquifolium.
			2. Ilex aquifolium var. alteclarensis, Loud. Lvs. oval, large, thin and rather plain, with numerous teeth. G.C. III. 34:322. G.M. 54:321. 3. Ilex aquifolium var. hodginsonii, Waterer. Lvs. roundish ovate, dark green, 2 ¾ -3 ¾ in. long, with distant and nearly equal spines. G.C. III. 34:322. 4. Ilex aquifolium var. latifolia, Loud. Lvs. oval, to 3 ½ in. long, with rather few, divaricate teeth. G.C. II. 2:433. 5. Ilex aquifolium var. platyphyllos, Goepp. Lvs. broadly ovate, to 3 1/2 in. long, with divaricate spines, thick, deep green. 6. Ilex aquifolium var. princeps, Moore. Lvs. broadly ovate, to 4 ½ in. long, with strong, regular spines, dark green, with prominent veins below. G.C. II. 13:45. 7. Ilex aquifolium var. wilsonii, Hort. Lvs. oval, with numerous well-developed spines in the same plane, dark green, with distinct veins, up to 5 in. long: fr. large. G.C. III. 30:117. Gn. 69:205. In this group belong also, Ilex aquifolium var. conspicua, Moore (G.C. II. 13:45); Ilex aquifolium var. mundyi, Hort. (Gn. 65, p. 394); Ilex aquifolium var. nobilis, Lawson (G.C. II. 2:432. Gn. 63, p. 423); Ilex aquifolium var. shepherdii, Waterer (Gn. 65, p. 394).—The varieties of this group are probably mostly hybrids between I. aquifolium and I. perado. A geographical variety is 8, Ilex aquifolium var. chinensis, Loies. Lvs. ovate- oblong to oblong-lanceolate, spiny-dentate: fls. smaller. Cent. China.

			9. Ilex aquifolium var. handsworthensis, Fisher. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, with numerous, moderately divaricate spines, projected toward the apex, glossy green. G.C. 11.2:519; 111.30:118,131. 10. Ilex aquifolium var. hastata, Smith. Lvs. ovate- lanceolate, halbert-shaped; spines large, usually only 2-4 on each side at the base, the upper half usually entire. G.C. II. 2:687. 11. Ilex aquifolium var. microphylla, Fisher. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, about 1 in. long, shining green, with small, equal plane spines. G.C. II. 2:751. A very small-lvd. form, but Ilex aquifolium var. lineata, Waterer, is still smaller, and has the smallest lvs. of all. 12. Ilex aquifolium var. myrtifolia, Waterer. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 1-1 ½ in. long, moderately spiny, rarely entire. G.C. 11.2:687. G.M. 31:652. 13. Ilex aquifolium var. serratifolia, Loud. Lvs. ovate- lanceolate, stiff, with numerous small spiny teeth. G.C. II. 2:687. 14. Ilex aquifolium var. ferox, Ait. (I. echinata, Mill.). Lvs. of medium size, with strong teeth and numerous small spines on the upper convex surface. A very distinct variety, known as hedgehog holly.

			15. Ilex aquifolium var. heterophylla, Ait. Lvs. oval or elliptic- ovate, about 2 ½ in. long, sometimes twisted near the apex, entire or with few spiny teeth. G.C. 11.2:519. 16. Ilex aquifolium var. laurifolia, Loud. Lvs. ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, usually quite entire. G.C. III. 34:314. Gn. 63, pp. 378, 423, 424. 17. Ilex aquifolium var. marginata, Loud. Lvs. broadly ovate, sometimes twisted near the apex, with thickened entire margin. G.C. II. 2:813. 18. Ilex aquifolium var. scotica, Hort. Lvs. oval-obovate, blunt and rounded at the apex, rarely pointed, 1 ½ -2 in. long, with thickened, wavy entire margin. G.C. II. 2:813. 19. Ilex aquifolium var. recurva, Loud. (Ilex aquifolium var. crispa, Lawson; Ilex aquifolium var. tortuosa, Waterer). Lvs. oval and spirally twisted, with revolute margin, entire or with few spines, about 2 in. long: of dense habit. G.M. 31:654; 36:764. G.C. II. 2:813. 20. Ilex aquifolium var. camelliaefolia, Fisher (Ilex aquifolium var. magnifica, Hort.; Ilex aquifolium var. laurifolia longifolia, Hort.). Lvs. elliptic or oblong, acuminate, dark olive-green, very glossy, entire or with a few spines near the apex. G.C. II. 2:813. Gn. 65, p. 220. G.M. 31:783. Gt. 55:1551, 4.

			21. Ilex aquifolium var. albo-marginata, Loud. (Ilex aquifolium var. argenteo-marginata, Hort.: Ilex aquifolium var. argentea, Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate, to 2 ½ in. long with numerous irregular spines, dark green, the disk mottled with grayish green, with rather narrow silvery margin. Gn. 64, p. 301. G.M. 48:84. 22. Ilex aquifolium var. albo-picta, Loud. (var. argenteo-medio-picta, Hort.). Lvs. ovate, with divaricate spines, dark green, with a whitish center and a narrow, irregular, silvery margin. G.C. II. 4:687. 23. Var. aureo-maculata, Hort. Lvs. oblong-oval, 2 ½ in. long, with distant triangular, somewhat divaricate spines, with a large creamy-white blotch in the center, outer part of the margin dark green, inner part mottled pale gray. G.M. 31:654. 24. Var. aureo-regina, Hort. (Ilex aquifolium var. aurea- marginata and Ilex aquifolium var. lalifolia marginata, Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate, to 3 in. long, with strongly divaricate spines, mottled with gray and green, with a broad, continuous golden yellow margin. G.C. II. 5:44. G.M. 54:322. 25. Ilex aquifolium var. aureo-picta latifolia, Hort. Lvs. ovate or broadly ovate, 2 in. or more long, with a large, branching, deep yellow blotch in the middle, and with an irregular, deep glossy green margin. G.C. II. 5:624. 26. Ilex aquifolium var. ferox argentea, Loud. Like Ilex aquifolium var. ferox, but the margin and the surface spines creamy white. G.C. II. 5:44. 27. Ilex aquifolium var. ferox aurea, Loud., is like the former, but with yellow spines and margin, G.C. II. 6:616.


			28. Ilex aquifolium var. heterophylla aureo-picta, Hort. Lvs. ovate, flat, sometimes with few spines, about 2 ½ in. long, marked in the middle with a broad feathery blotch of bright yellow. G.C. II. 6:389. 29. Ilex aquifolium var. scotica aurea, Hort. Lvs. obovate, blunt, slightly wavy, about 1 ½ in. long, dark, mottled green, with a broad golden margin: of dwarf habit. 30. Ilex aquifolium var. wateriana, Hort. Lvs. oblong or ovate, with a few spines, or entire and plain and obtuse, about 2 in. long, mottled with gray and yellowish green and edged with a broad, irregular golden band. G.C. 11.6:233.

			There are also some other varieties in cultivation, as 31, Ilex aquifolium var. fructu luteo, Lawson, with yellow, and 32, Ilex aquifolium var. fructu aurantiaco, Paul, with orange berries; 33, Ilex aquifolium var. pendula, Waterer, with pendulous branches (Gn. 62, p. 129. G.M. 48:81); and 34, Ilex aquifolium var. pyramidalis, Hort., with ascending branches, forming a narrow, oblong head.
	}}		}}

WikiWorks at 04:13, 15 March 2010

2010-03-15T04:13:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:13, 15 March 2010
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	{{SPlantbox		{{SPlantbox
			\|familia=Aquifoliaceae
			\|genus=Ilex
			\|species=aquifolium
			\|taxo_author=L.
			\|common_name=Holly, European Holly, Christmas Holly
			\|habit=tree
			\|Min ht box=10
			\|Min ht metric=m
			\|Max ht box=25
			\|Max ht metric=m
			\|height_ref=Wikipedia
			\|poisonous=yes
			\|lifespan=perennial
	\|Temp Metric=°F		\|Temp Metric=°F
	\|~~jumpin~~=~~If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc~~. ~~is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!~~		\|min_zone=3
	\|image=~~Upload~~.~~png~~		\|max_zone=9.5
			\|image=Acebo.jpg
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	~~Describe~~ the plant ~~here~~...		'''''Ilex aquifolium''''' ('''Holly''', or '''European Holly''' to distinguish it from related species, may also be called Christmass Holly or Mexican Holly) is a species of [[holly]] native to western and southern [[Europe]], northwest [[Africa]] and southwest [[Asia]].<ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Ilex&SPECIES_XREF=aquifolium&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref><ref name=mc>Med-Checklist: [http://ww2.bgbm.org/mcl/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=1263&PTRefFK=1273 ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref><ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3088 ''Ilex aquifolium'']</ref>

			It is an [[evergreen]] [[tree]] growing to 10-25 m tall and 40-80 cm (rarely 1 m or more) trunk diameter, with smooth grey bark. The [[leaf\|leaves]] are 5-12 cm long and 2-6 cm broad, variable in shape; on young plants and low branches, with three to five sharp spines on each side, pointing alternately upward and downward; on higher branches of older trees with few or no spines except for the leaf tip, often entire.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=fnwe/>

			The [[flower]]s are [[plant sexuality\|dioecious]], white, four-lobed, and pollinated by bees. The [[fruit]] is a red [[drupe]] 6-10 mm diameter, containing four pits; although mature in late autumn, they are very bitter due to the ilicin content<ref>Heinz, A. (1975). ''Drogenkunde''. W. de Gruyter ISBN 313566001X</ref>, and so are rarely touched by [[bird]]s until late winter after [[frost]] has made them softer and more palatable.

	{{Inc\|		{{Inc\|
	Ilex aquifolium, Linn. English Holly~~. Fig. 1946~~. Tree, to 40 ft., with short, spreading branches, forming an oblong or pyramidal head, in cult, often shrubby, glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, usually ovate or oblong- ovate, waved and with strong, spiny teeth,- shining, in. long: fr. scarlet, globular, shining. May, June. a. and Cent. Eu., W. Asia, China~~. Gng. 4:83. H.W. 3, p. 51~~.—A very variable species. A full account of the numerous varieties cult, in England is given by T. Moore in G.C. II. 2, pp. 432, 519, 687, 750, 812; 4, pp. 687, 741; 5, pp. 43,365, 437, 624; 6, pp. 232, 389, 616, where 153 varieties are described and many of them figured. Some of the most important and most distinct are described below. Osmanthus aquifolium, Sieb. & Zucc., an oleaceous shrub, which may readily be known by its opposite Ivs., is occasionally supplied by dealers as a variety of Ilex Aquifolium.		Ilex aquifolium, Linn. English Holly. Tree, to 40 ft., with short, spreading branches, forming an oblong or pyramidal head, in cult, often shrubby, glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, usually ovate or oblong- ovate, waved and with strong, spiny teeth,- shining, in. long: fr. scarlet, globular, shining. May, June. a. and Cent. Eu., W. Asia, China.—A very variable species. Osmanthus aquifolium, Sieb. & Zucc., an oleaceous shrub, which may readily be known by its opposite Ivs., is occasionally supplied by dealers as a variety of Ilex Aquifolium.
	}}		}}

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	<gallery perrow=5>		<gallery perrow=5>
			Image:Hollyflowers.jpg\|European Holly flowers; male above, female below (leaves cut to show flowers more clearly)
	Image:Upload.png\| photo 1		Image:Upload.png\| photo 1
	Image:Upload.png\| photo 2		Image:Upload.png\| photo 2

Christi: Created page with '{{SPlantbox |Temp Metric=°F |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks! |image=Upload.p…'

2010-03-09T04:56:34Z

Created page with '{{SPlantbox |Temp Metric=°F |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks! |image=Upload.p…'

New page

{{SPlantbox
|Temp Metric=°F
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
|image=Upload.png
|image_width=240
}}
Describe the plant here...
{{Inc|
Ilex aquifolium, Linn. English Holly. Fig. 1946. Tree, to 40 ft., with short, spreading branches, forming an oblong or pyramidal head, in cult, often shrubby, glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, usually ovate or oblong- ovate, waved and with strong, spiny teeth,- shining, in. long: fr. scarlet, globular, shining. May, June. a. and Cent. Eu., W. Asia, China. Gng. 4:83. H.W. 3, p. 51.—A very variable species. A full account of the numerous varieties cult, in England is given by T. Moore in G.C. II. 2, pp. 432, 519, 687, 750, 812; 4, pp. 687, 741; 5, pp. 43,365, 437, 624; 6, pp. 232, 389, 616, where 153 varieties are described and many of them figured. Some of the most important and most distinct are described below. Osmanthus aquifolium, Sieb. & Zucc., an oleaceous shrub, which may readily be known by its opposite Ivs., is occasionally supplied by dealers as a variety of Ilex Aquifolium.
}}

==Cultivation==

===Propagation===

===Pests and diseases===

==Varieties==

==Gallery==

<gallery perrow=5>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
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