Juglans regia - Revision history

WikiWorks at 23:58, 31 March 2010

2010-03-31T23:58:36Z

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+|image=English Walnuts.jpg
 |image_width=240
 }}
 The '''English Walnut''' (''Juglans regia''), also known as '''Common Walnut''' or '''Persian Walnut''', is a species of [[walnut]] that is native in a region stretching from the [[Balkans]] (in southeast [[Europe]]) eastward — all the way to the [[Himalaya]]s and southwest [[China]]. The largest forests are in [[Kyrgyzstan]], where English Walnut trees occur in extensive, nearly pure walnut forests at 1,000–2,000 m altitude (Hemery 1998)—notably at [[Arslanbob]] in [[Jalal-Abad Province]].
@@ Line 34: / Line 21: @@
 ==Cultivation and uses==
-Persian walnut is originaly from Iran where it still can be found in nature and also is widely cultivated. The English Walnut was introduced into western and northern [[Europe]] very early, by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times or earlier, and to [[the Americas]] by the 17th century. Important nut-growing regions include [[France]], [[Serbia]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Romania]] in Europe, [[China]] in Asia, [[California]] in North America, and [[Chile]] in South America. It is cultivated extensively for its high-quality nuts, eaten both fresh and pressed for their richly flavoured oil; numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected for larger and thin-shelled nuts.
+Persian walnut is originaly from Iran where it still can be found in nature and also is widely cultivated. The English Walnut was introduced into western and northern [[Europe]] very early, by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times or earlier, and to [[the Americas]] by the 17th century. It is cultivated extensively for its high-quality nuts, eaten both fresh and pressed for their richly flavoured oil; numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected for larger and thin-shelled nuts.
-The [[wood]] is also of very high quality—similar to American [[Black Walnut]]—and is used to make furniture and rifle stocks.
+{{Inc|
-==Nutritional value==
+==Cultivation==
-Other names include Walnut (which does not distinguish the tree from other species of Juglans), Common Walnut and English Walnut, the latter name possibly because English sailors were prominent in ''Juglans regia'' nut distribution at one time.[http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/nuts/englishwalnut/englishwalnutsprofile.htm] In the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] languages, the edible, cultivated walnut is called 胡桃 (''hú táo'' in Mandarin or 호두 ''hodu'' in Korean), which means literally "Hu peach," suggesting that the ancient Chinese associated the introduction of the English walnut into East Asia with the [[Wu Hu|Hu]] barbarians of the regions north and northwest of China.
+===Propagation===
-==References==
+===Pests and diseases===
-{{commons|Juglans regia}}
-*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006112 Flora of China: ''Juglans regia'']
-*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Juglans+&SPECIES_XREF=regia&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Juglans regia'']
+==Varieties==
-*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006112 Flora of Pakistan: ''Juglans regia'']
-*Hemery, G. E. (1998). Walnut seed-collecting expedition to Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. ''Quarterly Journal of Forestry'' 92 (2): 153-157.
-<gallery>
+<gallery perrow=5>
 Image:Walnut02.jpg|English Walnut nuts
 Image:Shelled English Walnuts 2331px.jpg|Shelled walnuts in a cup
@@ Line 77: / Line 49: @@
 </gallery>
-[[Category:Fagales]]
+{{stub}}
-[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
+__NOTOC__

Christi at 08:21, 29 March 2010

2010-03-29T08:21:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:21, 29 March 2010
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			}}
			{{Inc\|
			Juglans regia, linn. Persian or English Walnut. Round-headed tree, to 70 ft.: lfts. 5-13, oblong or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, almost glabrous, bright green, 2-5 in. long: fr. almost globular, green; nut usually oval, reticulate and rather smooth, rather thin-shelled. S. E. Eu. Himalayas, China. U. S. N. C. pi. 6. H.W. 2:36, pp. 87-9. M.D. 1911, p. 197(habit). Many varieties are cult, as fr. trees, for which see Walnut. var. sinensis, DC. (J. sinensis, Dode). Lfts. usually 5, larger, pubescent on the veins below: nut globose-ovoid, very rugose. China, Japan. S.I.F. 2:5. Of the ornamental varieties the most distinct and decorative is var. laciniata, Loud. (var. filicifolia, Hort. var. asplenifolia, Hort.), with narrow, pinnately cut lfts.; very effective as a single specimen on the lawn; remains usually shrubby. M.D.G. 1908:617. var. monophylla, DC., has the lvs. simple or 3-foliolate. var. pendula, Kirchn., has pendulous branches. Var. fSrtilis, Kirchn. (var. frulicosa, Dipp. var. prapar- turiens, hort.), is a shrubby variety producing rather small, thin-shelled nuts on very young plants. Var. Bartheriana, Carr. (var. elongata, Hort.). Nut elongated, narrow- oblong. R.H. 1859, p. 147; 1861, p. 427. Gn. 50, p. 478. var. corcyrensis, Sprenger. Lvs. large, to 2 ft. long; lfts. 9, the lowest pair very small, the upper pairs broadly ovate, about 8 in. long and 5 in. broad: nut rather thick- shelled. J. Duclouxiana, Dode, from the Himalayas and W.China with more elliptic and more acuminate lfts. and nuts with thin fragile shell, is probably only a variety of J. regia.
			}}


	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen

MediaWiki default at 07:39, 28 July 2007

2007-07-28T07:39:22Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = English Walnut
| image = English Walnuts.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Whole and shelled ''J. regia''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fagales]]
| familia = [[Juglandaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Walnut|Juglans]]''
| species = '''''J. regia'''''
| binomial = ''Juglans regia''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

The '''English Walnut''' (''Juglans regia''), also known as '''Common Walnut''' or '''Persian Walnut''', is a species of [[walnut]] that is native in a region stretching from the [[Balkans]] (in southeast [[Europe]]) eastward — all the way to the [[Himalaya]]s and southwest [[China]]. The largest forests are in [[Kyrgyzstan]], where English Walnut trees occur in extensive, nearly pure walnut forests at 1,000–2,000 m altitude (Hemery 1998)—notably at [[Arslanbob]] in [[Jalal-Abad Province]].

English Walnut is a large deciduous [[tree]] attaining heights of 25–35 m, and a trunk up to 2 m diameter, commonly with a short trunk and broad crown, though taller and narrower in dense forest competition. It is a light-demanding species, requiring full sun to grow well.

The bark is smooth, olive-brown when young and silvery-grey on older branches, with scattered broad fissures with a rougher texture. Like all walnuts, the [[pith]] of the twigs contains air spaces, the chambered pith brownish in colour. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternately arranged, 25-40 cm long, odd-pinnate with 5–9 leaflets, paired alternately with one terminal leaflet. The largest leaflets the three at the apex, 10–18 cm long and 6–8 cm broad; the basal pair of leaflets much smaller, 5–8 cm long, the margins of the leaflets entire. The male flowers are in drooping [[catkin]]s 5–10 cm long, the female flowers terminal, in clusters of two to five, ripening in the autumn into a [[fruit]] with a green, semi-fleshy husk and a brown corrugated [[nut (fruit)|nut]]. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in autumn; the [[seed]] is large, with a relatively thin shell, and edible, with a rich flavour.

==Cultivation and uses==
Persian walnut is originaly from Iran where it still can be found in nature and also is widely cultivated. The English Walnut was introduced into western and northern [[Europe]] very early, by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times or earlier, and to [[the Americas]] by the 17th century. Important nut-growing regions include [[France]], [[Serbia]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Romania]] in Europe, [[China]] in Asia, [[California]] in North America, and [[Chile]] in South America. It is cultivated extensively for its high-quality nuts, eaten both fresh and pressed for their richly flavoured oil; numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected for larger and thin-shelled nuts.

The [[wood]] is also of very high quality—similar to American [[Black Walnut]]—and is used to make furniture and rifle stocks.

==Nutritional value==
[http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/ 100 g shelled walnuts provide]:
*15.2 g [[protein]]
*65.2 g [[fat]]:
**6.1 g [[saturated fat]]
**8.9 g [[monounsaturated fat]]
**47.2 g [[polyunsaturated fat]]
*13.7 g [[carbohydrates]], including 6.7 g [[dietary fiber]]
*0.34 mg [[Thiamin]]
*0.54 mg [[Vitamin B6|Vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]]
*98 µg [[Folate]]
*3.4 mg [[Manganese]]
*1.6 mg [[Copper]]
*158 mg [[Magnesium]]
*346 mg [[Phosphorus]]
*3.1 mg [[Zinc]]

==Etymology and other names==
The scientific name ''Juglans'' is from [[Latin]] ''jovis glans'', "[[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]'s nut", and ''regia'', "royal". Its common name, Persian walnut, indicates its origins in [[Iran|Persia]] in southwest Asia; 'walnut' derives from the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] ''wal-'' for "foreign", recognising that it is not a nut native to northern Europe.

Other names include Walnut (which does not distinguish the tree from other species of Juglans), Common Walnut and English Walnut, the latter name possibly because English sailors were prominent in ''Juglans regia'' nut distribution at one time.[http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/nuts/englishwalnut/englishwalnutsprofile.htm] In the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] languages, the edible, cultivated walnut is called 胡桃 (''hú táo'' in Mandarin or 호두 ''hodu'' in Korean), which means literally "Hu peach," suggesting that the ancient Chinese associated the introduction of the English walnut into East Asia with the [[Wu Hu|Hu]] barbarians of the regions north and northwest of China.

==Folklore==
In [[Skopelos]], a Greek island in the Aegean Sea, local legend suggests that whoever plants a walnut tree will die as soon as the tree can "see" the sea. This has not been proven as fact, however it might take some time to find a local arborist willing to take on the job of planting a walnut tree. Most planting is done by field rats (subfamily [[Murinae]]).

==References==
{{commons|Juglans regia}}
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006112 Flora of China: ''Juglans regia'']
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Juglans+&SPECIES_XREF=regia&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Juglans regia'']
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006112 Flora of Pakistan: ''Juglans regia'']
*Hemery, G. E. (1998). Walnut seed-collecting expedition to Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. ''Quarterly Journal of Forestry'' 92 (2): 153-157.

<gallery>
Image:Walnut02.jpg|English Walnut nuts
Image:Shelled English Walnuts 2331px.jpg|Shelled walnuts in a cup
Image:Koeh-081.jpg|19th century illustration
Image:Juglans regia Broadview.jpg|English Walnut foliage and nuts
</gallery>

[[Category:Fagales]]
[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]