Jujube - Revision history

WikiWorks at 18:29, 14 April 2011

2011-04-14T18:29:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:29, 14 April 2011
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	\|exposure=sun		\|exposure=sun
	\|water=moderate, dry		\|water=moderate, dry
	\|features=deciduous, edible		\|features=deciduous, edible, fruit
	\|Min Temp Num=-20		\|Min Temp Num=-20
	\|Temp Metric=°C		\|Temp Metric=°C

WikiWorks at 00:47, 26 May 2010

2010-05-26T00:47:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:47, 26 May 2010
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	\|genus=Ziziphus		\|genus=Ziziphus
	\|species=zizyphus		\|species=zizyphus
			\|taxo_author=Mill.
	\|common_name=Jujube, Red Date, Chinese Date		\|common_name=Jujube, Red Date, Chinese Date
	\|habit=tree		\|habit=tree
	~~\|Min ht metric=cm~~
	\|Max ht box=10		\|Max ht box=10
	\|Max ht metric=m		\|Max ht metric=m
			\|height_ref=Plants for a Future
	\|Max wd box=5		\|Max wd box=5
	\|Max wd metric=m		\|Max wd metric=m
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	===Propagation===		===Propagation===
	Most Chinese cultivars in the U.S. are grafted or budded onto a thorny rootstalk which produces many suckers from the roots. There is evidence that jujube cultivars will root on hard or soft wood cuttings. However, successes have been limited to date with this process of plant reproduction. Jujubes also can be propagated from seed, although they do not come true. Most jujube cultivars produce fruit without cross-pollination, but seeds from such self-pollination are usually not viable (such as from the Li or Lang cultivars)		Most Chinese cultivars in the U.S. are grafted or budded onto a thorny rootstalk which produces many suckers from the roots. There is evidence that jujube cultivars will root on hard or soft wood cuttings. However, successes have been limited to date with this process of plant reproduction. Jujubes also can be propagated from seed, although they do not come true. Most jujube cultivars produce fruit without cross-pollination, but seeds from such self-pollination are usually not viable (such as from the Li or Lang cultivars) - Source: CRFG

			Seed - best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe. Stored seed requires 3 months warm then 3 months cold stratification[113]. Germination should take place in the first spring, though it might take another 12 months. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in a cold frame for at least their first winter. Plant out in early summer. Root cuttings in a greenhouse in the winter[200]. Best results are achieved if a temperature of 5 - 10°c can be maintained[238]. Cuttings of mature wood of the current season's growth, November to January in a frame[238]. Division of suckers in the dormant season[174]. They can be planted out direct into their permanent positions if required.{{pfaf}}

	===Pests and diseases===		===Pests and diseases===
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	==References==		==References==
	*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963		*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
	*http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jujube.html		*[http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jujube.html California Rare Fruit Growers] - major source of text
			*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Ziziphus+jujuba Plants for a Future] - creative commons text source
	*Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248		*Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248
	<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->		<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->

WikiWorks at 06:00, 9 December 2009

2009-12-09T06:00:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:00, 9 December 2009
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	\|max_zone=10		\|max_zone=10
	\|sunset_zones=7-16, 18-24, 28-33		\|sunset_zones=7-16, 18-24, 28-33
	\|image=~~Upload~~.~~png~~		\|image=ZiziphusJujubaVarSpinosa.jpg
	\|image_width=~~240~~		\|image_width=200
	}}		}}
	Small deciduous tree with spines, grows fast, popular from S Europe to China. Serrated leaves are oval to lance-shaped serrated. Gives tiny (5mm) cream-colored flowers in late spring, which are followed by plum-like fruit (1.5-3 cm) which become dark red when ripe, and has one hard stone in it, like that of the olive.		Small deciduous tree with spines, grows fast, popular from S Europe to China. Serrated leaves are oval to lance-shaped serrated. Gives tiny (5mm) cream-colored flowers in late spring, which are followed by plum-like fruit (1.5-3 cm) which become dark red when ripe, and has one hard stone in it, like that of the olive.

WikiWorks at 05:59, 9 December 2009

2009-12-09T05:59:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:59, 9 December 2009
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	~~__NOTOC__~~{{~~Plantbox~~		{{SPlantbox
	\| ~~name~~ = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''		\|familia=Rhamnaceae
	\| ~~common_names~~ = Jujube, Red Date, Chinese Date		\|genus=Ziziphus
	\| ~~growth_habit~~ = ~~deciduous~~ tree		\|species=zizyphus
	\| ~~high~~ = 10 m		\|common_name=Jujube, Red Date, Chinese Date
	\| ~~wide~~ = 5 m		\|habit=tree
	\| origin = China, then SW Asia, S Europe		\|Min ht metric=cm
	~~\| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->~~		\|Max ht box=10
	\| lifespan = perennial		\|Max ht metric=m
	\| exposure = ~~full~~ sun		\|Max wd box=5
	\| water = ~~regular~~, ~~drought tolerant~~		\|Max wd metric=m
	\| features = edible ~~fruit~~		\|origin=China, then SW Asia, S Europe
	\| ~~hardiness~~ = -~~20°C[[Celsius~~\|°C~~]])~~		\|lifespan=perennial
	\| ~~bloom~~ = ~~<!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->~~		\|exposure=sun
	\| ~~usda_zones~~ = 7-10		\|water=moderate, dry
	\| sunset_zones = 7-16, 18-24, 28-33~~{{SSN}}~~		\|features=deciduous, edible
	~~\| color = IndianRed~~		\|Min Temp Num=-20
	\| image = ~~ZiziphusJujubaVarSpinosa~~.~~jpg~~		\|Temp Metric=°C
	\| image_width = ~~200px~~		\|min_zone=7
	~~\| image_caption = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''~~		\|max_zone=10
	~~\| regnum = Plantae~~		\|sunset_zones=7-16, 18-24, 28-33
	~~\| divisio = Magnoliophyta~~		\|image=Upload.png
	~~\| classis = Magnoliopsida~~		\|image_width=240
	~~\| ordo = Rosales~~
	~~\| familia = Rhamnaceae~~
	~~\| genus = Ziziphus~~
	~~\| species = zizyphus~~
	}}		}}
	Small deciduous tree with spines, grows fast, popular from S Europe to China. Serrated leaves are oval to lance-shaped serrated. Gives tiny (5mm) cream-colored flowers in late spring, which are followed by plum-like fruit (1.5-3 cm) which become dark red when ripe, and has one hard stone in it, like that of the olive.		Small deciduous tree with spines, grows fast, popular from S Europe to China. Serrated leaves are oval to lance-shaped serrated. Gives tiny (5mm) cream-colored flowers in late spring, which are followed by plum-like fruit (1.5-3 cm) which become dark red when ripe, and has one hard stone in it, like that of the olive.
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	'''Adaptation''': The jujube can withstand a wide range of temperatures; virtually no temperature seems to be too high in summertime. Winter dormancy allows it to withstand temperatures to about -28° F, yet it requires only a small amount of winter chill in order for it to set fruit. The plant revels in summer sun and heat, with the lack of either limiting fruit production more than winter cold. Yet jujubes have fruited in the Puget Sound and low Cascade regions of Washington State as well as in Pennsylvania. Fruiting of some cultivars has also been reported in northern Florida.The Indian jujube, which is more sensitive to frost, is grown in Florida, but the fruit is considered inferior. Jujube trees are not particularly suitable for container culture, but can be grown in this manner in a large container.		'''Adaptation''': The jujube can withstand a wide range of temperatures; virtually no temperature seems to be too high in summertime. Winter dormancy allows it to withstand temperatures to about -28° F, yet it requires only a small amount of winter chill in order for it to set fruit. The plant revels in summer sun and heat, with the lack of either limiting fruit production more than winter cold. Yet jujubes have fruited in the Puget Sound and low Cascade regions of Washington State as well as in Pennsylvania. Fruiting of some cultivars has also been reported in northern Florida.The Indian jujube, which is more sensitive to frost, is grown in Florida, but the fruit is considered inferior. Jujube trees are not particularly suitable for container culture, but can be grown in this manner in a large container.

			{{Inc\|
			Zizyphus jujuba, Lam. Tree, 30-50 ft. high: branches usually prickly; young branchlets, petioles and infl. densely rusty tomentose: lvs. broadly oval or ovate to oblong, obtuse, sometimes emarginate, serrate or entire, dark green and glabrous above, tawny or nearly white-tomentose beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. in short-stalked many-fld. axillary cymes: fr. subglobose to oblong, usually orange-red, 1/2 – 3/4 in. long, on a stalk nearly half its length. March-June. S. Asia, Afr., Austral.—Variable in shape and color of the fr.; for figures of several varieties see Hooker Jour. Bot. 1 (1834):321. The jujube is somewhat planted in Fla. and Calif., although it yet has no commercial rating as a fr.-plant. The frs. or berries are ripe in Nov. and Dec., and the plant begins to bear at 3 years from planting. The jujube fr. is used in confectionery.
			}}

	:''More information about this species can be found on the [[Ziziphus\|genus page]].''		:''More information about this species can be found on the [[Ziziphus\|genus page]].''

	==Cultivation==		==Cultivation==
	~~{{monthbox~~
	~~\| color = IndianRed~~
	~~\| name = Jujube~~
	~~\| jan =~~
	~~\| feb =~~
	~~\| mar =~~
	~~\| apr =~~
	~~\| may =~~
	~~\| jun =~~
	~~\| jul =~~
	~~\| aug =~~
	~~\| sep =~~
	~~\| oct =~~
	~~\| nov =~~
	~~\| dec =~~
	~~\| notes =~~
	}}
	[[Image:Azufaifas fcm.jpg\|thumb\|left\|jujube fruit]]		[[Image:Azufaifas fcm.jpg\|thumb\|left\|jujube fruit]]
	Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and water, but won't give good fruit without summer heat and water during fruit development. Very drought tolerant if fruit is not important. Does well in desert with some water, can take extreme heat, down to -15°C, exceptionally -20°C, temperatures.		Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and water, but won't give good fruit without summer heat and water during fruit development. Very drought tolerant if fruit is not important. Does well in desert with some water, can take extreme heat, down to -15°C, exceptionally -20°C, temperatures.
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	==References==		==References==
			*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
	*http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jujube.html		*http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jujube.html
	*Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248		*Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248
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	*{{wplink}}		*{{wplink}}

	~~[[Category:Categorize]]~~		__NOTOC__

WikiWorks: CRFG

2009-04-27T19:20:41Z

CRFG

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:20, 27 April 2009
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	\| high = 10 m		\| high = 10 m
	\| wide = 5 m		\| wide = 5 m
	\| origin = ~~SE Europe~~, SW Asia		\| origin = China, then SW Asia, S Europe
	\| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->		\| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
	\| lifespan = perennial		\| lifespan = perennial
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	\| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->		\| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
	\| usda_zones = 7-10		\| usda_zones = 7-10
	\| sunset_zones = <!-~~-- eg. 8, 9~~, 12-24, ~~not available -~~->		\| sunset_zones = 7-16, 18-24, 28-33{{SSN}}
	\| color = IndianRed		\| color = IndianRed
	\| image = ZiziphusJujubaVarSpinosa.jpg		\| image = ZiziphusJujubaVarSpinosa.jpg
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	Small deciduous tree with spines, grows fast, popular from S Europe to China. Serrated leaves are oval to lance-shaped serrated. Gives tiny (5mm) cream-colored flowers in late spring, which are followed by plum-like fruit (1.5-3 cm) which become dark red when ripe, and has one hard stone in it, like that of the olive.		Small deciduous tree with spines, grows fast, popular from S Europe to China. Serrated leaves are oval to lance-shaped serrated. Gives tiny (5mm) cream-colored flowers in late spring, which are followed by plum-like fruit (1.5-3 cm) which become dark red when ripe, and has one hard stone in it, like that of the olive.

			'''Growth Habit''': The jujube is a small, deciduous tree, growing to 40 feet tall in Florida, but smaller in size in California. The naturally drooping tree is graceful, ornamental and often thorny with branches growing in a zig-zag pattern. The wood is very hard and strong. Jujube cultivars vary in size and conformation, with some being very narrow in habit and others being more widespread. One cultivar, the So, seems to be fairly dwarfing in habit. After 30 years of growth in an average site, trees can be 30 feet tall with a crown diameter of up to 15 feet. Plants send up suckers (often with intimidating spines) from their roots, and these suckers can appear many feet from the mother plant. Currently, these root suckers must be controlled by mowing or hoeing.

			'''Foliage''': The small, ovate or oval leaves are 1-2 inches long and a shiny bright green. In the autumn, the leaves turn bright yellow before falling. There are usually two spines at the base of each leaf. Some spines may be hooked while others are long daggers. Virtually thornless cultivars are known. As the growing season commences, each node of a woody branch produces one to ten branchlets. Most of these are deciduous, falling from the plant in autumn.

			'''Flowers''': The inconspicuous, 1/5 inch diameter, white to greenish-yellow flowers are somewhat fragrant and produced in large numbers in the leaf axils. The flowering period extends over several months from late spring into summer. However, individual flowers are receptive to pollen for only one day or less. Pollination needs of the jujube are not clearly defined, but appear to be done by ants or other insects and possibly by the wind. Most jujube cultivars produce fruit without cross-pollination . The jujube is well protected from late spring frosts by delayed budding until all chance of cold weather has passed.

			'''Fruit''': The fruit is a drupe, varying from round to elongate and from cherry-size to plum-size depending on cultivar. It has a thin, edible skin surrounding whitish flesh of sweet, agreeable flavor. The single hard stone contains two seeds. The immature fruit is green in color, but as it ripens it goes through a yellow-green stage with mahogany-colored spots appearing on the skin as the fruit ripens further. The fully mature fruit is entirely red. Shortly after becoming fully red, the fruit begins to soften and wrinkle. The fruit can be eaten after it becomes wrinkled, but most people prefer them during the interval between the yellow-green stage and the full red stage. At this stage the flesh is crisp and sweet, reminiscent of an apple. Under dry conditions jujubes lose moisture, shrivel and become spongy inside. Tests in Russia indicate a very high vitamin C content. The fruit has been used medicinally for millennia by many cultures. One of its most popular uses is as a tea for sore throat

			'''Adaptation''': The jujube can withstand a wide range of temperatures; virtually no temperature seems to be too high in summertime. Winter dormancy allows it to withstand temperatures to about -28° F, yet it requires only a small amount of winter chill in order for it to set fruit. The plant revels in summer sun and heat, with the lack of either limiting fruit production more than winter cold. Yet jujubes have fruited in the Puget Sound and low Cascade regions of Washington State as well as in Pennsylvania. Fruiting of some cultivars has also been reported in northern Florida.The Indian jujube, which is more sensitive to frost, is grown in Florida, but the fruit is considered inferior. Jujube trees are not particularly suitable for container culture, but can be grown in this manner in a large container.

	:''More information about this species can be found on the [[Ziziphus\|genus page]].''		:''More information about this species can be found on the [[Ziziphus\|genus page]].''
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	Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and water, but won't give good fruit without summer heat and water during fruit development. Very drought tolerant if fruit is not important. Does well in desert with some water, can take extreme heat, down to -15°C, exceptionally -20°C, temperatures.		Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and water, but won't give good fruit without summer heat and water during fruit development. Very drought tolerant if fruit is not important. Does well in desert with some water, can take extreme heat, down to -15°C, exceptionally -20°C, temperatures.

			'''Location''': Jujubes should be given a warm, sunny location, but are otherwise relatively undemanding. Given adequate heat and sun, the trees will thrive without any special care. They should not be planted in the shade of other trees

			'''Soils''': Jujubes tolerate many types of soils, but prefer a sandy, well-drained soils and do less well in heavy, poorly drained soil. They are able to grow in soils with high salinity or high alkalinity.

			'''Irrigation''': One of the outstanding qualities of the jujube tree are its tolerance of drought conditions. Regular watering, though, is important to assure a quality fruit crop.

			'''Fertilization''': Fertilizer requirements have not been studied, but jujubes appear to do well with little or no fertilization. Light broadcast applications of a balanced fertilizer such as 8-8-8 NPK at two-month intervals during the growing season would probably speed growth. Do not fertilize until the newly planted tree has several months to get established.

			'''Pruning''': Unpruned trees produce as well as trees that have been pruned. Extensive winter pruning, however, will keep the plants in better health and produce more easily obtainable fruit.

			'''Planting''': Jujubes should be set out 10 to 15 feet apart since they require high light intensities for good production. Upon setting out new, bare root trees, top the plant to 3 or 4 feet and remove all side branches to leave only a whip. New, stronger branches will emerge from each bud just below the point where the old branches were pruned.

			'''Harvest''': The crop ripens non-simultaneously, and fruit can be picked for several weeks from a single tree. If picked green, jujubes will not ripen. Ripe fruits may be stored at room temperature for about a week.The fruit may be eaten fresh, dried or candied. Fresh fruit is much prized by certain cultures and is easily sold in Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Indian markets. Tree dried fruit stores indefinitely and may have good marketing potential as it dries on the tree without the use of a sulfur preservative.

	~~<br clear=all>~~
	===Propagation===		===Propagation===
			Most Chinese cultivars in the U.S. are grafted or budded onto a thorny rootstalk which produces many suckers from the roots. There is evidence that jujube cultivars will root on hard or soft wood cuttings. However, successes have been limited to date with this process of plant reproduction. Jujubes also can be propagated from seed, although they do not come true. Most jujube cultivars produce fruit without cross-pollination, but seeds from such self-pollination are usually not viable (such as from the Li or Lang cultivars)

	===Pests and diseases===		===Pests and diseases===
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	*{{wplink}}		*{{wplink}}

	~~{{stub}}~~
	[[Category:Categorize]]		[[Category:Categorize]]

Trees: copyedit

2009-02-11T10:16:24Z

copyedit

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:16, 11 February 2009
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	\| common_names = Jujube, Red Date, Chinese Date		\| common_names = Jujube, Red Date, Chinese Date
	\| growth_habit = deciduous tree		\| growth_habit = deciduous tree
	\| high = ~~30ft (9m)~~		\| high = 10 m
	\| wide = ~~12ft (3.5m)~~		\| wide = 5 m
	\| origin = ~~unknown (perhaps S~~ Asia)		\| origin = SE Europe, SW Asia
	\| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->		\| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
	\| lifespan = perennial		\| lifespan = perennial
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	\| water = regular, drought tolerant		\| water = regular, drought tolerant
	\| features = edible fruit		\| features = edible fruit
	\| hardiness = -~~28[[Fahrenheit\|°F]] (-15°C~~[[Celsius\|°C]])		\| hardiness = -20°C[[Celsius\|°C]])
	\| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for ~~it's~~ flowers -->		\| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
	\| usda_zones = 7-10		\| usda_zones = 7-10
	\| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->		\| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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	}}		}}
	[[Image:Azufaifas fcm.jpg\|thumb\|left\|jujube fruit]]		[[Image:Azufaifas fcm.jpg\|thumb\|left\|jujube fruit]]
	Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and water, but won't give good fruit without summer heat and water during fruit development. Very drought tolerant if fruit is not important. Does well in desert with some water, can take extreme heat, down to -~~15C~~ temperatures.		Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and water, but won't give good fruit without summer heat and water during fruit development. Very drought tolerant if fruit is not important. Does well in desert with some water, can take extreme heat, down to -15°C, exceptionally -20°C, temperatures.


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	===Early Ripening===		===Early Ripening===
	* '''Li''' - Large, round fruit up to ~~3 ounces~~ in mid-August. May be picked at the yellow-green stage. Tree is many-branched, yet narrow and upright. Best eaten fresh. Best first tree to have.		* '''Li''' - Large, round fruit up to 70 g in mid-August. May be picked at the yellow-green stage. Tree is many-branched, yet narrow and upright. Best eaten fresh. Best first tree to have.

	===Mid Season===		===Mid Season===
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	===Late Season===		===Late Season===
	* '''Admiral Wilkes''' - Collected on a South Seas expedition in the ~~1840's~~ and planted on the Capitol grounds in Washington, D.C. Elongated fruit which has been the very last to ripen, generally in mid to late November.		* '''Admiral Wilkes''' - Collected on a South Seas expedition in the 1840s and planted on the Capitol grounds in Washington, D.C. Elongated fruit which has been the very last to ripen, generally in mid to late November.
	* '''Chico (GI 7-62)''' - Fruit is round but flattened on the bottom. Looks like small apples. Excellent either fresh or dried.		* '''Chico (GI 7-62)''' - Fruit is round but flattened on the bottom. Looks like small apples. Excellent either fresh or dried.
	* '''GI-1183''' - Another cultivar from the Chico program. Large, sweet fruit.		* '''GI-1183''' - Another cultivar from the Chico program. Large, sweet fruit.

WikiWorks at 21:47, 6 February 2009

2009-02-06T21:47:43Z

Show changes

MediaWiki default at 18:47, 5 November 2007

2007-11-05T18:47:39Z

New page

:''For the chewy candy, see [[Jujube (confectionery)]].''
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''
| image = ZiziphusJujubaVarSpinosa.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rhamnaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Ziziphus]]''
| species = '''''Z. zizyphus'''''
| binomial = ''Ziziphus zizyphus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|H.Karst.]]
}}
[[Image:Ziziphus_jujuba.jpg|thumb|rigtht|150px|The [[Ziziphus jujuba]] which written in ''[[Monbusho]]'' chant lyrics.<br/>It is located in [[General]] [[Nogi]]'s [[mansion]] now.]]
'''''Ziziphus zizyphus''''' ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''Z. jujuba'', ''Rhamnus zizyphus''; '''Jujube''', '''Red Date''', or '''Chinese Date''' ({{zh-stp|s=枣|t=棗|p=zǎo}}; also ''hóng zǎo'' 红枣, ''dà zǎo'' 大枣, ''hēi zǎo'' 黑枣, ''zǎozi'' 枣子; [[Wade-Giles]]: ''tsao''; [[Korean language|Korean]]: 대추 ''daechu''; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 棗 ''natsume''; [[Gujarati language| Gujarati]]: બોર ''boar'') is a species of ''[[Ziziphus]]'' in the buckthorn [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rhamnaceae]].

Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but is thought to be in southern [[Asia]], between [[Syria]], northern [[India]], and southern and central [[China]], and possibly also southeastern [[Europe]] though more likely introduced there.<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref>

It is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] or [[shrub]] reaching a height of 5-10 m, usually with thorny branches. The [[leaf|leaves]] are shiny-green, ovate-acute, 2-7 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, with three conspicuous veins at the base, and a finely toothed margin. The [[flower]]s are small, 5 mm diameter, with five inconspicuous yellowish-green petals. The [[fruit]] is an edible oval [[drupe]] 1.5-3 cm long; when immature it is smooth-green, with the consistency and taste of an [[apple]], maturing dark red to purplish-black and eventually wrinkled, looking like a small [[Date Palm|date]] (hence the name Chinese Date). There is a single hard stone, similar to an [[olive]] stone.<ref name=rushforth/>

==Nomenclature==
The species has a curious nomenclatural history, due to a combination of botanical [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature|naming regulations]], and variations in spelling. It was first described scientifically by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] as ''Rhamnus zizyphus'', in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753. Later, in 1768, [[Philip Miller]] concluded it was sufficiently distinct from ''[[Rhamnus]]'' to merit separation into a new genus, in which he named it ''Ziziphus jujube'', using Linnaeus' species name for the genus but with a probably accidental single letter spelling difference, 'i' for 'y'; for the species name he used a different name, as [[tautonymy|tautonyms]] (repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical naming. However, because of Miller's slightly different spelling, the combination correctly using the earliest species name (from Linnaeus) with the new genus, ''Ziziphus zizyphus'', is ''not'' a tautonym, and therefore permitted as a botanical name; this combination was made by [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|Hermann Karsten]] in 1882.<ref name=clarke>Clarke, D. L. (1988). ''W. J. Bean Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'', Supplement. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-4443-2.</ref><ref name=rushforth/>

==Cultivation and uses==
[[Image:Azufaifas fcm.jpg|thumb|left|jujube fruit]]
The Jujube has been cultivated for over 4,000 years for its edible fruit, and over 400 [[cultivar]]s have been selected.

The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about -15°C. This enables the jujube to grow in desert habitats, provided there is access to underground water through the summer. Virtually no temperature seems to be too high in summertime.

Many jujube trees can still be seen in the central and southern regions of [[Israel]], especially in the [[Arava Valley]], where it is the second most common tree. A jujube tree near Ein Hatzeva in the Arava is estimated to be over 300 years old.

===Medicinal use===
The fruits are used in Chinese and Korean [[traditional Chinese medicine|traditional medicine]], where they are believed to alleviate stress. {{Fact|date=October 2007}} The fruit is ground to powder, with very small amounts required to promptly calm nerves and purify blood quality. {{Fact|date=October 2007}} The Australian drink [[1-bil]] makes de-stressing (or relaxing) claims on the basis of its jujube ingredient.

[[Ziziphin]], a compound in the leaves of the jujube, suppresses the ability to perceive sweet taste in humans.<ref name="crfsn-32-231">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=1418601&cmd=showdetailview Kurihara, Y. 1992. Characteristics of antisweet substances, sweet proteins, and sweetness-inducing proteins. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 32:231-252.]</ref> The fruit, being [[Mucilage|mucilaginous]], is also very soothing to the throat and decoctions of jujube have often been used in pharmacy to treat sore throats.

===Culinary use===
[[Image:Ziziphus jujuba MS 2461.JPG|right|thumb|Dried red jujube fruits]]
The freshly harvested as well as the candied dried fruits are often eaten as a snack, or with tea. They are available either red or black (called ''hóng zǎo'' or ''hēi zǎo'', respectively, in Chinese), the latter being [[Smoking (food)|smoked]] to enhance their flavour [http://www.seasonalchef.com/jujubes.htm]. In mainland China, Korea, and Taiwan, a sweetened tea syrup containing jujube fruits is available in glass jars,<sup>[http://www.megaq.co.kr/product_images/pro_images/04441649/S04441649L.jpg photo]</sup> and canned jujube tea or jujube tea in the form of teabags is also available. Although not widely available, jujube juice[http://www.tianjiaohong.com.cn/ecpjs/ZAOZHI.HTM] and jujube vinegar are also produced.[http://www.tianjiaohong.com.cn/ecpjs/ZAOCU.HTM]

In China, a wine made from jujubes called ''hong zao jiu'' (红枣酒) is also produced.[http://www.tianjiaohong.com.cn/ecpjs/ZAOJIU.HTM] Jujubes are sometimes preserved by storing in a jar filled with ''[[baijiu]]'' (Chinese liquor), which allows them to be kept fresh for a long time, especially through the winter. Such jujubes are called ''jiu zao'' (酒枣; literally "spirited jujube").

In addition, jujubes, often stoned, are a significant ingredient in a wide variety of Chinese delicacies. In [[Persian cuisine]], the dried drupes are known as ''annab''.

===Other uses===
The jujube's sweet smell is said to make teenagers fall in love, and as a result, in the [[Himalaya]] and [[Karakoram]] regions, men take a stem of sweet smelling jujube flowers with them or put it on their hats to attract the opposite sex.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}

In Japan, the ''natsume'' has given its name to a style of [[Chaki|tea caddy]] used in the [[Japanese tea ceremony]].

In Korea, the wood is used to make the body of the ''[[taepyeongso]]'', a double-reed wind instrument.

===Pests and diseases===
[[Witch's broom]]s, prevalent in China and Korea, is the main disease affecting jujubes, though plantings in North America currently are not affected by any pests or diseases.<ref>Fruit Facts: [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jujube.html Jujube]</ref>

==References==
{{commons|Ziziphus zizyphus}}
{{reflist}}
*''Fruits in Warm Climates''. J. F. Morton, Miami, FL: 1987.
*[http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-B00001-01c20VA.html Nutritional data for the jujube]
*[http://english.irib.ir/photo%20gallery/jujube.htm On the Medicinal uses of Jujube and its cultivation in Iran ]
*[http://www.tianshannet.com.cn/GB/channel3/99/200509/27/188078.html Photos of jujubes growing on trees]
*[http://www.kung-kuan.com.tw/files/detailed_images/produce_35_produce_35_DSC01340.jpg Photo of a bottle of Taiwanese jujube wine]
*[http://kr.agrotrade.net/company/o/okf/img/oimg_GC00007690_CA00007695.jpg Photo of a jar of Korean jujube tea]
*[http://www.lotteplaza.com/product_images/09192006142420_849_full.jpg Photo of a package of Korean jujube tea]

[[Category:Rhamnaceae]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Iranian cuisine]]
[[Category:Dietary supplements]]