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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Medlar
| image = Medlar pomes and leaves.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Common Medlar foliage and fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]]
| genus = '''''Mespilus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc|Bosc]] ex Spach
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Stern's Medlar|Mespilus canescens]]''<br/>
''[[Common Medlar|Mespilus germanica]]''
}}
[[Image:Medlar blossom.JPG|thumb|234px|Common-Medlar flowers]]
[[Image:Mespilus_germanica_Nefle_Precoce.jpg|thumb|234px|Medlar fruit, cv. 'Nefle Precoce']]

'''Medlar''' (''Mespilus'') is a genus of two species of [[flowering plant]]s in the subfamily [[Maloideae]] of the family [[Rosaceae]]. One, [[Common Medlar]] ''Mespilus germanica'', is a long-known native of southwest [[Asia]] and possibly also southeastern [[Europe]], and the other, [[Stern's Medlar]] ''Mespilus canescens'', was recently ([[1990]]) discovered in [[North America]].

Medlars are [[deciduous]] large [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s growing up to 8 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are dark green and elliptic, six to fifteen [[centimetre]]s long and three to four centimetres wide. The leaves turn a spectacular red in [[autumn]] before falling. The five-petalled white [[flower]]s are produced in late spring. The fruit is a [[pome]], two to three centimetres in diameter, with wide-spreading persistent sepals giving a "hollow" appearance to the fruit; it is matte brown in ''M. germanica'' and glossy red in ''M. canescens''.

Medlar fruit are very hard and acidic. They become edible after being softened ("[[bletting|bletted]]") by frost, or naturally in storage given sufficient time. Once softening begins, the skin rapidly takes a wrinkled texture and turns dark brown, and the inside reduces to a consistency and flavour reminiscent of [[apple sauce]]. They can then be eaten raw, often consumed with cheese as a [[dessert]], although they are also used to make medlar [[jelly]] and [[wine]]. Another dish is "medlar cheese", which is similar to [[lemon]] curd, being made with the fruit pulp, eggs, and butter.

The medlar is native to [[Persia]] and has an ancient history of cultivation; it was grown by the ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], beginning in the 2nd century [[Common Era|BCE]]. The medlar was a very popular fruit during the [[Victorian era]]; however, it is now a rarely appreciated fruit, except in certain areas, such as the north of [[Iran]].

Mousmoulia is the name of the tree in modern Greek and Mousmoulo the name of the fruit. Very appreciated especially in northern Greece in the area of Makedonia.

The genus ''[[Eriobotrya]]'' ([[loquat]]s) is related, and sometimes called the "Japanese Medlar". Other related genera include ''[[Crataegus]]'' (hawthorns), and ''[[Sorbus]]'' (rowans, whitebeams, service trees).

===In literature===
A fruit which is rotten before it is ripe, the medlar is used figuratively in literature as a symbol of [[prostitution]] or premature destitution. For example, in the Prologue to ''[[The Reeve's Tale]]'', [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s character laments:
:This white top advertises my old years,
:My heart, too, is as mouldy as my hairs,
:Unless I fare like medlar, all perverse.
:For that fruit's never ripe until it's worse,
:And falls among the refuse or in straw.
:We ancient men, I fear, obey this law:
:Until we're rotten, we cannot be ripe;

In [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Measure for Measure]]'', Lucio excuses his denial of past fornication because "they would else have married me to the rotten medlar" (IV.iii.171).

In [[Cervantes]]'s [[Don Quixote]] the eponymous hero and Sancho Panza "Stretch themselves out in the middle of a field and stuff themselves with acorns or medlars."

In the 16th and 17th centuries, medlars were also bawdily called "open-arses" because of the shape of the fruits, hence the presence of boisterously or humorously indecent puns in many Elizabethan and Jacobean plays.

The most famous reference to medlars, often [[bowdlerized]] until modern editions accepted it, appears in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', when Mercutio laughs at Romeo's unrequited love for his mistress Rosaline (II, 1, 34-38):

:Now will he sit under a medlar tree,
:And wish his mistress were that kind of fruit
:As maids call medlars, when they laugh alone.
:O Romeo, that she were, O that she were
:An open-arse and thou a poperin pear!

[[Thomas Dekker]] also draws a saucy comparison in his play [[The Honest Whore]]: "I scarce know her, for the beauty of her cheek hath, like the moon, suffered strange eclipses since I beheld it: women are like medlars._no sooner ripe but rotten"

Another reference can be found in [[Thomas Middleton]]'s ''A Trick to Catch the Old One'' in the character of Widow Medler, impersonated by a courtesan, hence the following pun: "Who? Widow Medler? She lies open to much rumour." (II, 2, 59).

In modern literature, some writers have also mentioned this fruit:

[[Saki]] uses medlars in his [[short stories]], which often play on the decay of Edwardian society. In "The Peace of Mowsle Barton", the outwardly quiet farmstead features a medlar tree and corrosive hatred. In "The Boar Pig", the titular animal, Tarquin Superbus, is the point of contact between society ladies cheating to get into ''the'' [[garden party]] of the season and a not entirely honest young schoolgirl who lures him away by strategically throwing well-bletted medlars: "Come, Tarquin, dear old boy; you know you can't resist medlars when they're rotten and squashy."

[[D.H. Lawrence]]: "Wineskins of brown morbidity, autumnal excrementa ... an exquisite odour of leave taking"

[[Vladimir Nabokov]] in [[Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle|Ada]] briefly mentions a poet named Max Mispel, "another botanical name".

==References==
* Davidson, A. (1999). ''Medlar'', p. 494 in ''The Oxford Companion to Food''. ISBN 0-19-211579-0

[[Category:Accessory fruit]]
[[Category:Maloideae]]

[[simple:Medlar]]

Medlar - Revision history

MediaWiki default at 11:18, 12 September 2007