WikiWorks at 17:19, 5 May 2010

2010-05-05T17:19:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:19, 5 May 2010
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	{{SPlantbox		{{SPlantbox
	\|familia=Ulmaceae		\|familia=Ulmaceae
	\|genus=Ulmus		\|genus=Ulmus
	\|species=laevis		\|species=laevis
	\|common_name=Russian Elm		\|common_name=Russian Elm
	\|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia		\|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
			\|habit=tree
	\|Max ht box=70		\|Max ht box=70
	\|Max ht metric=ft		\|Max ht metric=ft
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	\|Max wd metric=ft		\|Max wd metric=ft
	\|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia		\|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
			\|lifespan=perennial
	\|exposure=sun		\|exposure=sun
	\|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia		\|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
			\|water=wet, moist, moderate
	\|Temp Metric=°F		\|Temp Metric=°F
	\|min_zone=4		\|min_zone=4
	\|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia		\|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
	\|max_zone=9		\|max_zone=9
	\|image=~~Upload.png~~		\|image=CV6Elms73430.jpg
	~~\|image_width=240~~		\|image_width=200
	}}
	~~__NOTOC__{{Plantbox~~
	~~\| latin_name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->~~
	~~\| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->~~
	~~\| growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->~~
	~~\| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->~~
	~~\| wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->~~
	~~\| origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->~~
	~~\| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->~~
	~~\| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->~~
	~~\| exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->~~
	~~\| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->~~
	~~\| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->~~
	~~\| hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->~~
	~~\| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->~~
	~~\| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->~~
	~~\| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->~~
	~~\| color = IndianRed~~
	~~\| image = Upload.png <!--- Freesia~~.jpg ~~-->~~
	\| image_width = ~~240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->~~
	~~\| image_caption = <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->~~
	~~\| familia = <!--- Family -->~~
	~~\| genus =~~
	~~\| species =~~
	~~\| subspecies = <!--- If this is a page for a subspecies, most are just listed on the species page -->~~
	~~\| cultivar = <!--- If this is a page for a Variety/Cultivar, usually comes after "var." or is in 'single quotes' -->~~
	}}		}}
			'''''Ulmus laevis''''' <small>Pall.</small>, the '''European White Elm''', yclept '''Fluttering Elm, Spreading Elm''' and, in the [[USA]], '''Russian Elm''', is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] native to [[Europe]], from [[France]] northeast to southern [[Finland]], east as far as the [[Urals]], and southeast to [[Bulgaria]] and the [[Crimea]]; there is also a disjunct population in the [[Caucasus]]. Moreover, a small number of trees found in [[Spain]] is now considered a relict population rather than an introduction by man, and possibly the origin of the European population <ref name=Fuentes-Utrilla>Fuentes-Utrilla, P., Squirrell, J., Hollingsworth, P. M. & Gil, L. (2006). ''Ulmus laevis (Pallas) in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. An introduced or relict tree species? New data from [[cpDNA]] analysis.'' Genetics Society, Ecological Genetics Group conference, University of Wales Aberystwyth 2006.</ref>.

			Essentially endemic to alluvial forest, it is rarely encountered at elevations above 400 m <ref name=Girard>Girard, S. (2007). Dossier: L'orme: nouveaux espoirs? ''Forêt entreprise'' No. 175, Juillet 2007, Institut pour le developpement forestier, Paris.</ref>. Most commonly found along rivers such as the [[Volga]] and [[Danube]], it is one of very few elms tolerant of prolonged waterlogged, [[anoxic]] ground conditions. The White Elm is [[allogamous]] and is most closely related to the American Elm ''[[Ulmus americana\|U. americana]]''.


			The tree is similar in stature to the [[Wych Elm]], if rather less symmetric, with a looser branch structure and less neatly rounded crown. It typically reaches a height and breadth of > 30 m, with a trunk < 2 m [[diameter at breast height\|d.b.h]]. The extensive shallow root system ultimately forms distinctive high buttresses around the base of the trunk. The [[leaf\|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], alternate, simple [[leaf shape\|ovate]] with a lop-sided base, < 10 cm long and < 7 cm broad, comparatively thin, often almost papery in texture and very translucent, with a downy underside. The [[apetalous]] wind-pollinated [[flower]]s appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 15-30; they are 3-4 mm across on 20 mm long stems. In England, trees grown from seed flower in March, commencing at ages of between 7 and 12 years.

			The [[fruit]] is a winged [[Samara (fruit)\|samara]] < 15 mm long by 10 mm broad with a [[ciliate]] margin, the single round 5 mm [[seed]] maturing in late spring.

			The tree is most reliably distinguished from other European elms by the long flower stems, and is most closely related to the [[American Elm]] ''U. americana'', from which it differs mainly in the irregular crown shape and frequent small sprout stems on the trunk <ref name=Bean>Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London.</ref> <ref name=Elwes>Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. pp 1848-1929. Private publication. [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/7tgbi/]</ref> <ref name=White>White, J. & More D. (2003). ''The Trees of Britain & Northern Europe'', Cassell's, London. </ref>.

			''U. laevis'' suckers from roots, but not stools.

	{{Inc\|		{{Inc\|
	~~<!--- ******************************************************* -->~~		Ulmus laevis, Pall. (U. pedunculata, Foug. U. effusa, Willd. U. ciliata, Ehrh. U. racemosa, Borkh., not Thomas). Tree, attaining 100 ft., with spreading branches, forming a broad open head: branchlets pubescent, usually until the second year: buds glabrous, acute: lvs. oval or obovate, very unequal at base, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, usually glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. slender-pedicelled; calyx with 6-8 exserted stamens: fr. ovate, notched, the incision not reaching the nutlet. Cent. Eu. to W. Asia.— Rarely cult., and with less valuable wood. The trunk and the limbs are, as in the American elm, often clothed with short branchlets.
	Ulmus laevis, Pall. (U. pedunculata, Foug. U. effusa, Willd. U. ciliata, Ehrh. U. racemosa, Borkh., not Thomas). Tree, attaining 100 ft., with spreading branches, forming a broad open head: branchlets pubescent, usually until the second year: buds glabrous, acute: lvs. oval or obovate, very unequal at base, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, usually glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. slender-pedicelled; calyx with 6-8 exserted stamens: fr. ovate, notched, the incision not reaching the nutlet. Cent. Eu. to W. Asia~~. H.W. 2:39, p. 9. I.T. 6:220. R.F.G. 12:666~~.— Rarely cult., and with less valuable wood. The trunk and the limbs are, as in the American elm, often clothed with short branchlets.
	{{SCH}}		{{SCH}}
	}}		}}

	==Cultivation==		==Cultivation==
	~~{{edit~~-~~cult}}~~<~~!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->~~		Although ideally suited to wet ground conditions, the tree can still grow, albeit more slowly, on drier sites including chalk downland. However, one overriding factor in choosing a site is Exposure. White Elm is comparatively weak-wooded, much more so than Field Elm ''[[Ulmus minor]]'', and thus an inappropriate choice for windy locations. In trials in southern England by ''[[Butterfly Conservation]]'', young trees of < 5 m height were badly damaged by gusts of 40 [[knot (speed)\|knots]] (75 [[km/h]]) in midsummer.

	===Propagation===		===Propagation===
	~~{{edit~~-~~prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line~~, ~~then delete this entire line -->~~		Usually easy to grow from seed sown to a depth of 6 mm in ordinary compost and kept well-watered. However, as seed viability can vary greatly from year to year, softwood cuttings taken in June may be a more reliable method. The cuttings strike very quickly, well within a fortnight, rapidly producing a dense matrix of roots.

	===Pests and diseases===		===Pests and diseases===
	~~{{edit~~-~~pests}}~~<~~!--- Type pest~~/~~disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --~~>		Like other European [[elm]]s, natural populations of the European White Elm have little innate resistance to [[Dutch elm disease]], although research by [[Cemagref]] has isolated clones able to survive inoculation with the causal fungus, initially losing < 70 % of their foliage, but regenerating strongly the following year. Moreover, the tree is not favoured by the vector bark beetles, which colonize it only when there are no other elm alternatives available.

			The species has a slight to moderate susceptibility to [[Elm Yellows]], but a very low susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]''.<ref name=Mittempergher>Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). The History of Elm Breeding. ''Invest. Agrar.: Sist Recur For. 2004 13 (1), 161-177.</ref>

			==Varieties==

	~~==Species==~~
	~~<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->~~

	==Gallery==		==Gallery==
	~~{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->~~

	<gallery>		<gallery perrow=5>
	Image:Upload.png\| photo 1		Image:Upload.png\| photo 1
	Image:Upload.png\| photo 2		Image:Upload.png\| photo 2
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	==References==		==References==
	*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963		<references/>
	<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->		<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
	<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->		<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
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	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
	~~[[Category:Categorize]]~~		__NOTOC__

	~~<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->~~

Murali.lalitha at 08:40, 29 April 2010

2010-04-29T08:40:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:40, 29 April 2010
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{SPlantbox
			\|familia=Ulmaceae
			\|genus=Ulmus
			\|species=laevis
			\|common_name=Russian Elm
			\|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
			\|Max ht box=70
			\|Max ht metric=ft
			\|height_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
			\|Max wd box=30
			\|Max wd metric=ft
			\|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
			\|exposure=sun
			\|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
			\|Temp Metric=°F
			\|min_zone=4
			\|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
			\|max_zone=9
			\|image=Upload.png
			\|image_width=240
			}}
	__NOTOC__{{Plantbox		__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
	\| latin_name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->		\| latin_name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->

Murali.lalitha: Created page with 'NOTOC{{Plantbox | latin_name = ''LATINNAME'' | common_names =

Ulmus laevis - Revision history

WikiWorks at 17:19, 5 May 2010

Murali.lalitha at 08:40, 29 April 2010

Murali.lalitha: Created page with '__NOTOC__{{Plantbox | latin_name = ''LATINNAME'' | common_names =

Murali.lalitha: Created page with 'NOTOC{{Plantbox | latin_name = ''LATINNAME'' | common_names =