Viburnum prunifolium - Revision history

WikiWorks at 16:48, 28 October 2009

2009-10-28T16:48:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 28 October 2009
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	{{SPlantbox		{{SPlantbox
			\|familia=Adoxaceae
			\|genus=Viburnum
			\|species=prunifolium
			\|common_name=Black haw, Blackhaw
	\|Min ht metric=cm		\|Min ht metric=cm
	\|Temp Metric=°F		\|Temp Metric=°F
	\|image=~~Upload~~.~~png~~		\|image=Viburnum prunifolium USDA2.jpg
	\|image_width=240		\|image_width=240
			\|image_caption=Flowers
	}}		}}
			'''''Viburnum prunifolium''''' ('''Blackhaw''', also spelled '''Black haw''', '''Blackhaw Viburnum''', or '''Stag Bush'''), is a species of ''[[Viburnum]]'' native to southeastern [[North America]], from [[Connecticut]] west to eastern [[Kansas]], and south to [[Alabama]] and [[Texas]].<ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41408 ''Viburnum prunifolium'']</ref>

			It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to 2–9 m tall with a short crooked trunk and stout spreading branches; in the northern parts of its range, it is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its range. The [[bark]] is reddish-brown, very rough on old stems. The branchlets are red at first, then green, finally dark brown tinged with red. The winter [[bud]]s are coated with [[rusty]] [[tomentum]]. The flower buds ovate, 1 cm long, much larger than the axillary buds. The [[leaf\|leaves]] are simple, up to 9 cm long and 6 cm broad, oval, ovate or orbicular, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate, acute, with serrated edges with a grooved and slightly winged red petiole 1.5 cm long; they turn red in fall. The leaves are superficially similar to some species of ''[[Prunus]]'' (thus "''prunifolium''"); they come out of the bud involute, shining, green, tinged with red, sometimes smooth, or clothed with rusty tomentum; when full grown dark green and smooth above, pale, smooth or tomentose beneath.<ref name=missouriplants>Missouriplants: [http://www.missouriplants.com/Whiteopp/Viburnum_prunifolium_page.html ''Viburnum prunifolium'']</ref><ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book\|pages=279\|title=The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses\|author=Andrew Chevallier\|year=1996\|publisher=Reader's Digest\|id=ISBN 0-88850-546-9}}</ref><ref name=Keeler>{{cite book \| last =Keeler \| first =H. L. \| title =Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them \| publisher =Charles Scriber's Sons \| date =1900 \| location =New York \| pages =184 }}</ref><ref name=Castleman>{{cite book\|title=The Healing Herbs\|author=Michael Castleman\|pages=79-81\|publisher=Rodale Press\|year=1991\|id=ISBN 0-87858-934-6}}</ref>

			The [[flower]]s are creamy white, 9 mm diameter; the calyx is urn-shaped, five-toothed, persistent; the [[corolla (flower)\|corolla]] is five-lobed, with rounded lobes, imbricate in bud; the five stamens alternate with the corolla lobes, the filaments slender, the anthers pale yellow, oblong, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; the ovary is inferior, one-celled, with a thick, pale green style and a flat stigma and a single ovule. The flowers are borne in flat-topped cymes 10 cm in diameter in mid to late spring. The [[fruit]] is a [[drupe]] 1 cm long, dark blue-black with glaucous bloom, hangs until winter, becomes edible after being frosted, then eaten by birds; the stone is flat and even, broadly oval. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny [[woodland]] with well-drained soil and adequate water.<ref name=missouriplants/><ref name=encyclopedia/><ref name=Keeler/><ref name=Castleman/>

	{{Inc\|		{{Inc\|
	Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. (V. pyrifolium, Poir.). Black Haw. Stag-bush. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds short-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: lvs. broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow margin, glabrous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in. broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous, little over 1/3 in. long. April-June. Conn. to Fla., west to Mich. and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310. M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.		Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. (V. pyrifolium, Poir.). Black Haw. Stag-bush. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds short-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: lvs. broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow margin, glabrous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in. broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous, little over 1/3 in. long. April-June. Conn. to Fla., west to Mich. and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310. M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.
	}}		}}

	~~{{Taxobox~~		==Cultivation==
	~~\| color = lightgreen~~		<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
	~~\| name = ''Black haw''~~
	~~\| regnum = [[Plantae]]~~
	~~\| phylum = [[Flowering plant\|Magnoliophyta]]~~
	~~\| classis = [[Dicot\|Magnoliopsida]]~~
	~~\| ordo = [[Dipsacales]]~~
	~~\| familia = [[Adoxaceae]]~~
	~~\| genus = ''[[Viburnum]]''~~
	~~\| species = '''''V. prunifolium'''''~~
	~~\| binomial = ''Viburnum prunifolium''~~
	~~\| binomial_authority = [[L.]]~~
	}}

	'''Black haw''', also spelled '''blackhaw''' (''Viburnum prunifolium''), is a small [[tree]] native to southern [[North America]]. It has both value in the pleasure garden, providing good fall color and early winter provender for birds, and medicinal properties.

	==~~Biology and taxonomy~~==
	Black haw has the scientific name ''Viburnum prunifolium''. It was originally classified in the family [[Caprifoliaceae]]. After genetic testing by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the genus [[Viburnum]] was moved to the family [[Adoxaceae]].

	~~Black haw is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] or [[shrub]].~~<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book\|pages=279\|title=The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses\|author=Andrew Chevallier\|year=1996\|publisher=Reader's Digest\|id=ISBN 0-~~88850~~-~~546-9}}</ref> Like many species of ''[[Prunus]]'', it has oval [[leaf\|leaves]] with serrated edges—<ref name=encyclopedia/> thus "''prunifolium''"— showy pale~~-~~colored [[flower]]s~~,~~<ref name=Castleman>{{cite book\|title=The Healing Herbs\|author=Michael Castleman\|pages=79~~-~~81\|publisher=Rodale Press\|year=1991\|id=ISBN 0~~-87858-934-6}}</ref> and dark blue-black [[berry\|berries]]<ref name=encyclopedia/> that are eaten by birds. The [[bark]] is reddish-brown in color.<ref name=Castleman/> In the northern parts of its range, ''V. prunifolium'' is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its [[range (biology)\|range]]. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny [[woodland]] with well-drained soil and adequate water.<ref name=Castleman/> The tree is [[deciduous]]; its leaves turn red in fall.<ref name=Castleman/>

	==~~Herbalism~~==		===Propagation===
	~~For centuries, black haw has been used for medical purposes~~, ~~mainly for [[gynecology\|gynecological]] conditions. The bark is the part of the plant used in treatments.<ref name=encyclopedia/~~>		<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->

	===~~Pharmacology~~===		===Pests and diseases===
	~~The active components include [[scopoletin]], [[aesculetin]], [[salicin]]~~, ~~[[1~~-~~methyl~~-~~2,3 clibutyl hemimellitate]], and [[viburnin]]. [[Tannin]] is another chemical component of black haw.<ref name=encyclopedia/~~>		<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->

	==~~=Medicinal uses=~~==		==Species==
	[[~~Native Americans~~]] ~~used a~~ [[~~decoction~~]] ~~of black haw to treat gynecological conditions, including menstrual cramps, aiding recovery after [[childbirth]], and~~ in ~~treating the effects of menopause.<ref name=Castleman/> As a folk remedy~~, ~~black haw has been used~~ to ~~treat menstrual pain, and~~ [[~~morning sickness~~]]. ~~Due to its antispasmodic properties, the plant may also be of use in treating cramps of the digestive tract or the bile ducts.<ref name=encyclopedia/>~~		It has [[Hybrid (biology)\|hybridized]] with ''[[Viburnum lentago]]'' in cultivation, to give the garden hybrid ''[[Viburnum × jackii]]''.

	~~Black haw's primary use was to prevent [[miscarriage]]s.~~<~~ref name=encyclopedia/> [[Slavery~~ in the United States\|American slaveholders]] also used the plant to prevent [[abortion]]s. [[Slave]]s were a valuable asset, and their owner also owned their offspring, so ensuring that female slaves gave birth was of paramount importance. In defiance, some slave women would attempt to use [[cotton]] seeds to cause a miscarriage. The slaveowners would therefore force pregnant slaves to drink an infusion of black haw to prevent that.<ref name=Castleman/>		==Gallery==
			{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->

	~~The primary use of black haw today is to prevent menstrual cramps. The salicin in black haw may also be of use in pain relief.~~<~~ref name=Castleman/~~>		<gallery>
			Image:Viburnum prunifolium USDA1.jpg\|
	~~===Safety issues===~~		Image:Upload.png\| photo 1
	~~As black haw contains [[salicin]], a chemical relative of [[aspirin]], people who are [[allergy\|allergic]] to that substance should not use black haw~~.~~<ref name=encyclopedia/> In addition, due to the connection between aspirin and [[Reye's syndrome]], young people or people afflicted with a [[virus (biology)~~\|~~viral disease]] should not use black haw.~~		Image:Upload.png\| photo 2
			Image:Upload.png\| photo 3
	~~The chemicals in black haw do relax the uterus and therefore probably pr~~		</gallery>
	event miscarriage; however, the salicin may be [[teratogenic]]. Consequently, pregnant women should not use black haw.<ref name=Castleman/> Furthermore, anyone using herbs for medical reasons should only use them under the supervision of a qualified medical professional.

	~~Black haw is not on the [[FDA]]'s "generally recognized as safe list"~~.~~<ref name=FDA>{{cite web~~\|~~title=SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE\|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]\|work=Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21, Volume 6\|date=2006-04-01\|url=http~~:~~//www~~.~~accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=582&showFR=1~~\|~~accessdate=2007-03-08}}~~</~~ref~~>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
			<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
			<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
			<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->

			==External links==
			*{{wplink}}

	~~[[Category:Dipsacales]]~~		{{stub}}
	~~[[Category:Trees of North America]]~~		__NOTOC__
	~~[[Category:Medicinal plants]]~~

Murali.lalitha at 11:21, 28 October 2009

2009-10-28T11:21:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:21, 28 October 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{SPlantbox
			\|Min ht metric=cm
			\|Temp Metric=°F
			\|image=Upload.png
			\|image_width=240
			}}
			{{Inc\|
			Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. (V. pyrifolium, Poir.). Black Haw. Stag-bush. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds short-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: lvs. broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow margin, glabrous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in. broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous, little over 1/3 in. long. April-June. Conn. to Fla., west to Mich. and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310. M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.
			}}

	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen

WikiWorks at 09:47, 5 April 2007

2007-04-05T09:47:52Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Black haw''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicot|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Dipsacales]]
| familia = [[Adoxaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Viburnum]]''
| species = '''''V. prunifolium'''''
| binomial = ''Viburnum prunifolium''
| binomial_authority = [[L.]]
}}

'''Black haw''', also spelled '''blackhaw''' (''Viburnum prunifolium''), is a small [[tree]] native to southern [[North America]]. It has both value in the pleasure garden, providing good fall color and early winter provender for birds, and medicinal properties.

==Biology and taxonomy==
Black haw has the scientific name ''Viburnum prunifolium''. It was originally classified in the family [[Caprifoliaceae]]. After genetic testing by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the genus [[Viburnum]] was moved to the family [[Adoxaceae]].

Black haw is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] or [[shrub]].<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book|pages=279|title=The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses|author=Andrew Chevallier|year=1996|publisher=Reader's Digest|id=ISBN 0-88850-546-9}}</ref> Like many species of ''[[Prunus]]'', it has oval [[leaf|leaves]] with serrated edges—<ref name=encyclopedia/> thus "''prunifolium''"— showy pale-colored [[flower]]s,<ref name=Castleman>{{cite book|title=The Healing Herbs|author=Michael Castleman|pages=79-81|publisher=Rodale Press|year=1991|id=ISBN 0-87858-934-6}}</ref> and dark blue-black [[berry|berries]]<ref name=encyclopedia/> that are eaten by birds. The [[bark]] is reddish-brown in color.<ref name=Castleman/> In the northern parts of its range, ''V. prunifolium'' is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its [[range (biology)|range]]. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny [[woodland]] with well-drained soil and adequate water.<ref name=Castleman/> The tree is [[deciduous]]; its leaves turn red in fall.<ref name=Castleman/>

==Herbalism==
For centuries, black haw has been used for medical purposes, mainly for [[gynecology|gynecological]] conditions. The bark is the part of the plant used in treatments.<ref name=encyclopedia/>

===Pharmacology===
The active components include [[scopoletin]], [[aesculetin]], [[salicin]], [[1-methyl-2,3 clibutyl hemimellitate]], and [[viburnin]]. [[Tannin]] is another chemical component of black haw.<ref name=encyclopedia/>

===Medicinal uses===
[[Native Americans]] used a [[decoction]] of black haw to treat gynecological conditions, including menstrual cramps, aiding recovery after [[childbirth]], and in treating the effects of menopause.<ref name=Castleman/> As a folk remedy, black haw has been used to treat menstrual pain, and [[morning sickness]]. Due to its antispasmodic properties, the plant may also be of use in treating cramps of the digestive tract or the bile ducts.<ref name=encyclopedia/>

Black haw's primary use was to prevent [[miscarriage]]s.<ref name=encyclopedia/> [[Slavery in the United States|American slaveholders]] also used the plant to prevent [[abortion]]s. [[Slave]]s were a valuable asset, and their owner also owned their offspring, so ensuring that female slaves gave birth was of paramount importance. In defiance, some slave women would attempt to use [[cotton]] seeds to cause a miscarriage. The slaveowners would therefore force pregnant slaves to drink an infusion of black haw to prevent that.<ref name=Castleman/>

The primary use of black haw today is to prevent menstrual cramps. The salicin in black haw may also be of use in pain relief.<ref name=Castleman/>

===Safety issues===
As black haw contains [[salicin]], a chemical relative of [[aspirin]], people who are [[allergy|allergic]] to that substance should not use black haw.<ref name=encyclopedia/> In addition, due to the connection between aspirin and [[Reye's syndrome]], young people or people afflicted with a [[virus (biology)|viral disease]] should not use black haw.

The chemicals in black haw do relax the uterus and therefore probably pr
event miscarriage; however, the salicin may be [[teratogenic]]. Consequently, pregnant women should not use black haw.<ref name=Castleman/> Furthermore, anyone using herbs for medical reasons should only use them under the supervision of a qualified medical professional.

Black haw is not on the [[FDA]]'s "generally recognized as safe list".<ref name=FDA>{{cite web|title=SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|work=Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21, Volume 6|date=2006-04-01|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=582&showFR=1|accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dipsacales]]
[[Category:Trees of North America]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]