Xanthosoma - Revision history

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			Xanthosoma (Greek, yellow body, referring to the stigma). Araceae. This group is interesting to the horticulturist as containing the handsome variegated stove foliage plant known to the trade as Phyllotaenium Lindenii, and part of the vegetables known as yautia, malanga, and tanier, a crop to which much of the arable land in Porto Rico is devoted.

			Milky herbs of S. and Cent. Amer. with a thick sometimes elongated corm: lvs. arrow-shaped, 3-cut or pedately cut: fls. unisexual, naked; males with 4-6 stamens connate in an inversely pyramidal synandrium with 5 or 6 faces; ovary 2-4-loculed; ovules anatropous.—A genus of 25 species, according to Engler, who has given an account of them in DC. Mon. Phaner., vol. 2 (1879).

			Many species of the arum family are noted for their huge corms, some of which are edible after the acrid and more or less poisonous properties are destroyed by cooking. Of this class the best known are the taros (Colocasia esculenta, Schott, the common taro of southern Asia and the Pacific islands, and C. antiquorum, Schott, the Egyptian taro, and the yautias, taniers, or malangas (Xanthosoma sagittifolium, and other species of this genus) of the West Indies. The botany of the species of Xanthosoma is confused. The corms and cormels (offsets) of some taros, and the cormels of some varieties of yautia, are free from acridity even in the raw state as cultivated in southern United States. Yautia corms are strong-flavored and are seldom eaten. The young leaves of colocasia and xanthosoma when properly cooked are said to be equal or superior to spinach.

			X. bataviensis, Hort. Said to have purple sts. and dark green lvs., with edible tubers.—X. belophyllum, Kunth, has a short thick erect rhizome and a cordate-hastate lf. Venezuela. Var. caracasanum, C. Koch (X. caracasanum, Schott. Colocasia caracasana, Engl.), has lvs. pale green beneath, the posterior lobes more produced at the apex and the midrib and nerves often rosy. Caracas.—X. cordatum, N. E. Br. Lvs. glabrous: tube of spathe green; blade yellow-green outside, rose-tinted at base, whitish inside. British Guiana.—X. cordifolium, N. E. Br. Allied to X. sagittifolium, but differing in lvs. being obtusely round-cordate and spadix bearing club-shaped neutral organs. British Guiana.—X. Hoffmannii, Schott. Lf.-stalk whitish with dark purple blotches: spathe with green tube, purple inside, the limb white. Costa Rica. —X. maculatum, Nichols., is described as having immense pale green lvs. variegated with creamy yellow, the petiole violet-tinted.— X. Mafaffa, Schott (Colocasia Mafaffa, Hort.). Closely allied to X. belophyllum, has a similar caudex and a cordate-ovate lf., but the posterior costae are separated by a right or acute angle, the angle in X. belophyllum being obtuse.—X. Marshallii is said to be a very rapid grower, with green lvs. and dark sts.—X. nuevoleonense. Grows to 6 ft. high, and has very large lvs. which stand almost horizontal.—X. violaceum, Schott. Lvs. primrose, finally green, sagittate-oblong-ovate, 8-10 in. long. 6-12 in. wide: spathe with a tube 4 in. long, the blade 6 in. long, 3 in. wide.
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WikiWorks: photo gallery

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photo gallery

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	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Image:~~Upload~~.~~png~~\| ~~photo 1~~		Image:Arum flower.jpg\|Inflorescence of ''X. roseum''
	Image:~~Upload~~.~~png~~\| ~~photo 2~~		Image:Inflo_detail.jpg\|Inflorescence of ''X. daguense''
	Image:~~Upload~~.~~png~~\| ~~photo 3~~		Image:Pollination.jpg\|Beetle pollination in ''X. daguense'' A. First night B. Second night C. after third night after inflorescence anthesis
			Image:Infruc Xanthosoma copy.jpg\|A. Infructescence of ''X. poeppigii'', Peruvian Amazonas B. Infructescence of ''X. daguense'' . Western Cordillera of Los Andes, Colombia
			Image:Cocoyams for sale.jpg\|Cocoyam corms for sale in a Cameroonian market
			Image:Bakweri cocoyam farmer from Cameroon.jpg\|A Cameroonian man works his cocoyam field.
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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MediaWiki default at 17:00, 21 October 2007

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Xanthosoma''
| image = Elephantear_reduced.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Xanthosoma roseum''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Alismatales]]
| familia = [[Araceae]]
| genus = '''''Xanthosoma'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''About 50; see text''
}}

'''''Xanthosoma''''' is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and sub-tropical arums in the [[flowering plant]] family, [[Araceae]], all native to tropical [[Americas|America]]. Several species are grown for their [[starch]]y [[corm]]s, an important [[root vegetable|food staple]] of tropical regions, known variously as '''malanga''', '''new cocoyam''', '''tannia''', '''tannier''', '''yautía''', '''macabo''', '''taioba ''', '''dasheen''' and '''‘ape'''. Many other species (including especially ''X. roseum'') are utilized as [[ornamental plant]]s, and in popular horticultural literature are known as ‘ape or '''elephant ear''' (from the purported resemblance of the leaf to an [[elephant]]'s [[ear]]), although the latter name is sometimes also applied to members with similar appearance and uses in the closely related genera of ''[[Caladium]]'', ''[[Colocasia]]'' (i.e., [[taro]]), and ''[[Alocasia]]''.

The [[leaf|leaves]] of most ''Xanthosoma'' species are 40-200 cm long, saggitate (arrowhead-shaped) or subdivided into 3 or as many as 18 segments. Unlike the leaves of ''Colocasia'', those of ''Xanthosoma'' are usually not ''peltate''—the upper v-notch extends in to the point of attachment of the leaf ''petiole'' to the blade.

== Pollination biology ==

Inflorescences of ''Xanthosoma'' are composed by a spadix with pistillate flowers
at the base, a belt of sterile flowers offered as a reward for
pollinators in the middle, and staminate flowers on the upper part.
Prior to opening, the inflorescence is enclosed within a leaf-like
spathe. When the inflorescence is ready to open, the upper part of
the spathe opens and exposes the staminate area of the spadix; the
basal area of the spathe remains closed, forming a spacious chamber
(i.e., the spathe tube) that encloses the pistillate and sterile flowers
(García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).

[[Image:Arum flower.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Inflorescence of ''X. roseum'']]
[[Image:Inflo_detail.jpg|thumb|left|158px|Inflorescence of ''X. daguense'']]

The inflorescences last for two nights and are protogynous (but ''see'' Valerio 1988),
changing from the pistillate phase that attracts pollinators on the
night it opens, to a staminate phase on the second night, when pollen
is shed (Garcıa-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b). When inflorescences open, produce heat and release a sweet scent attracting its pollinators, Dynastine beetles (''Cyclocephala'' spp.). Dinastines arrive covered with pollen from another inflorescence, and remain in the spathe
tube for 24 h, pollinating the pistillate flowers as they feed on the
sterile area of the spadix. On the second night, they come out of
the tube and walk over the staminate flowers, getting covered with
pollen and then flying to the nearest recently opened inflorescence (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).

[[Image:Pollination.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Beetle pollination in ''X. daguense'' A. First night B. Second night C. after third night after inflorescence anthesis]]

Fruit maturation takes several months. Fruits start to grow
within the shelter of the spathe tube. When the infructescence
is mature, in some species it arches back and downwards. In other species it stays erect. Then, the tissue of the spathe tube rolled
outwards, exhibiting the bright orange fruits and the
velvety pink inner spathe surface (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).

[[Image:Infruc Xanthosoma copy.jpg|thumb|left|350px|A. Infructescence of ''X. poeppigii'', Peruvian Amazonas B. Infructescence of ''X. daguense'' . Western Cordillera of Los Andes, Colombia]]

== Crop uses ==

[[Image:Bakweri cocoyam farmer from Cameroon.jpg|thumb|240px|right|A Cameroonian man works his cocoyam field.]]

Domestication of ''Xanthosoma'' species (especially ''X. saggitifolium'' but also ''X. atrovirens'', ''X. violaceum'', ''X. maffaffa'', and others) is thought to have originated in northern lowland [[South America]] then spread to the [[Antilles]] and [[Mesoamerica]]. Today ''Xanthosoma'' is still grown in all those regions but is especially popular in [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]], where it is used in [[Alcapurria]]s. It is grown in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]] and [[Jamaica]] to make the popular [[callaloo]] dish.It is also grown in [[West Africa]], now a major producer, where it can be used as a replacement for [[yam (vegetable)|yams]] in a popular regional dish called ''[[fufu]]''. ''Xanthosoma'' is also grown as a crop in the [[Philippines]].
{| class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left"
! colspan=2|Top Yautía (Cocoyam) Producers - 2005<br>(million metric ton)
|-
| {{CUB}} || align="right" | 0.25
|-
| {{DOM}} || align="right" | 0.07
|-
| {{ESA}}|| align="right" | 0.05
|-
| {{VEN}} || align="right" | 0.05
|-
| {{PER}} || align="right" | 0.04
|-
|'''World Total''' || align="right" | '''0.47'''
|-
|colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN]
|}
Traditionally ''Xanthosoma'' has been a subsistence crop with excess sold at local markets, but in the [[United States]], large numbers of [[Latin American]] immigrants have created a market for commercial production. In general, production has yet to meet demand in some areas. In Polynesia, ''Xanthosoma'' (‘ape) was considered a [[famine food]], utilized only in the event of failure of the much preferred taro (''kalo'') crop.

The typical ''Xanthosoma'' plant has a growing cycle of 9 to 11 months, during which time it produces a large stem called a [[corm]], this surrounded by smaller edible ''cormels'' about the size of [[potato]]es. These cormels (like the corm) are rich in starch. Their taste has been described as earthy and nutty and they are a common ingredient in soups and stews. They may also be eaten [[grilling|grilled]], [[frying|fried]], or [[purée]]d. The young, unfurled leaves of some varieties can be eaten as boiled [[leafy vegetable]]s or used in [[soup]]s and [[stew]]s, such as the Caribbean [[callaloo]].

''Xanthosoma'' starch is highly [[hypoallergenic]] due to the small size of the starch grains.

[[Image:Cocoyams for sale.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Cocoyam corms for sale in a Cameroonian market]]

== References ==

'''García -Robledo, C., '''G. Kattan, C. Murcia, P. Quintero.2005a. Equal and opposite effects of floral offer and spatial distribution on fruit production and pre-dispersal seed predation in ''Xanthosoma daguense'' (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 373-380

'''García–Robledo, C., '''P. Quintero-Marín. F. Mora-Kepfer. 2005b. Geographic Variation and Succession of Arthropod Communities in Inflorescences and Infructescences of ''Xanthosoma'' (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 650-656

'''García-Robledo, C. , '''G. Kattan, C. Murcia and P. Quintero. 2004. Beetle pollination and fruit predation in ''Xanthosoma daguense'' (Araceae). Journal of Tropical Ecology. 20: 459 – 469

'''Valerio, C. E.''' 1988. Notes on the phenology and pollination of
''Xanthosoma wendlandii'' (Araceae) in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologıa
Tropical 36:55–61.

== External links ==
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Xanthosoma_nex.html ''Xanthosoma'' spp. at Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plants Products]
* [http://www.kallus.com/aroids/ediblescientific.htm Distribution and names of edible aroids]

[[Category:Araceae]]
[[Category:Root vegetables]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:22, 9 March 2009
Line 63:		Line 63:

	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Image:~~Upload~~.~~png~~\| ~~photo 1~~		Image:Arum flower.jpg\|Inflorescence of ''X. roseum''
	Image:~~Upload~~.~~png~~\| ~~photo 2~~		Image:Inflo_detail.jpg\|Inflorescence of ''X. daguense''
	Image:~~Upload~~.~~png~~\| ~~photo 3~~		Image:Pollination.jpg\|Beetle pollination in ''X. daguense'' A. First night B. Second night C. after third night after inflorescence anthesis
			Image:Infruc Xanthosoma copy.jpg\|A. Infructescence of ''X. poeppigii'', Peruvian Amazonas B. Infructescence of ''X. daguense'' . Western Cordillera of Los Andes, Colombia
			Image:Cocoyams for sale.jpg\|Cocoyam corms for sale in a Cameroonian market
			Image:Bakweri cocoyam farmer from Cameroon.jpg\|A Cameroonian man works his cocoyam field.
	</gallery>		</gallery>